@article{Feng2026, 
author = {Xin-Yu Feng and Rong-Xiao Fu and Lei Shi and Le Tu and Yong-Yong Yang},
title = {An Overview of Cangjie Programming Language},
year = {2026},
journal = {Journal of Computer Science and Technology},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {217-244},
keywords = {programming language design and implementation, multi-paradigm programming, high-level intermediate representation, compiler optimization, language runtime},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1007/s11390-025-5978-7},
doi = {10.1007/s11390-025-5978-7},
abstract = {Cangjie is a modern programming language designed for application-level software development. It is statically typed and statically compiled, utilizing a tracing garbage collector (GC) for automated memory management. The language’s design strives to balance simplicity, safety, extensibility, and performance. Cangjie supports multi-paradigm programming with a concise syntax. With a strong emphasis on extensibility, it features type extension, macro programming, and a simple, efficient C Foreign Function Interfaces (C-FFI). The compiler frontend leverages modern techniques to support robust type inference and introduces a language-specific high-level intermediate representation, Cangjie high-level intermediate representation (CHIR), to facilitate efficient analysis and semantics-aware optimization. Additionally, the language runtime and LLVM-based backend implement lightweight user-mode threads and a concurrent compacting GC. The standard LLVM backend has been extended with GC-specific intrinsics and custom compilation passes for Cangjie-specific optimizations. Preliminary experimental results demonstrate that Cangjie achieves performance competitive with other application-level languages.}
}