@article{Cai2026, 
author = {Jun Cai and Xu Peng and Xin Zhang and Zhiquan Deng},
title = {Integrated Multi-input Bi-directional DC-DC Converter for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems},
year = {2026},
journal = {CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {1015-1028},
keywords = {Bidirectional, DC-DC converter, hybrid energy storage, integration, multi-input},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2022.01000},
doi = {10.17775/CSEEJPES.2022.01000},
abstract = {Multi-input bidirectional DC-DC converter is quite vital for a single system to interface multiple sources and allow energy exchange between sources and loads. In this paper, a general multi-input DC-DC converter topology and its control strategy are proposed for hybrid energy storage system. This converter can connect any number of power sources and make any ports controllable bidirectionally. To interface N power sources, only N + 1 controllable power switches are needed, which makes converter more compact with largely reduced power devices and driving circuits. Without loss of generality, a case with two sources (N = 2) is utilized as a typical study case for experimental verification. Experimental results show this converter can interface two individual power sources simultaneously and ensure flexible power flow control with all ports bi-directionally.  N = 2 converter structure can be developed as an integrated converter module, which is able to combine with traditional bidirectional buck/boost DC-DC converter (BBDC) to construct series-connected or parallel connected integrated converters for multi-source applications.}
}