@article{Vafamand2026, 
author = {Navid Vafamand and Abbas Rabiee and Innocent Kamwa},
title = {Dynamic virtual power plants: A comprehensive review of architectures, control strategies, and grid support capabilities},
year = {2026},
journal = {iEnergy},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {7-21},
keywords = {Dynamic virtual power plants (DVPPs), Inverter-based resources (IBRs), Distributed energy resources (DERs), Disaggregation techniques, Control of DERs},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.23919/IEN.2026.0004},
doi = {10.23919/IEN.2026.0004},
abstract = {The increasing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) and renewable energy resources poses significant challenges to the stability and controllability of modern power systems. Dynamic virtual power plants (DVPPs) have emerged as a transformative solution for aggregating and controlling heterogeneously distributed energy resources (DERs) flexibly and dynamically. This paper presents a comprehensive review of DVPPs, covering their conceptual evolution—from microgrids to virtual power plants (VPPs) and fast-acting VPPs—culminating in the dynamic DVPP paradigm. This review explores key architectural frameworks, including grid-forming and grid-following roles, as well as AC/DC interfacing strategies. Emphasis is placed on secondary frequency and voltage control mechanisms, dynamic-based and market-based disaggregation, and control methodologies tailored to DERs.}
}