@article{Liu2026, 
author = {Mengxin Liu and Chen lin and Heng Zhang and Xinan Shi and Ruosheng Zeng and Daocheng Pan},
title = {Tailored SnO2 electron transport layer delivers over 27% external quantum efficiency in quantum dot light-emitting diodes compatible with multiple hole transport layers},
year = {2026},
journal = {Nano Research},
volume = {19},
number = {8},
pages = {94908720},
keywords = {positive aging, quantum-dot light-emitting diode, charge transport balance, tunable mobility, zinc doped tin dioxide},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.26599/NR.2026.94908720},
doi = {10.26599/NR.2026.94908720},
abstract = {Achieving balanced charge transport is crucial for high-performance quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs), yet it remains a significant challenge. This issue is notably evident when using high-mobility metal oxides, such as ZnO and SnO2 nanoparticles, as electron transport layers (ETLs), due to their excessive electron mobility which leads to a severe mismatch with most organic hole transport layers (HTLs). Consequently, the balanced charge injection and high efficiency in conventional QLEDs have been largely confined to high-mobility HTLs like poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene-co-N-(4-butylphenyl) diphenylamine) (TFB). In this study, we present a universal strategy to precisely tune the electron mobility of SnO2 nanocrystals through controlled Zn2+ doping concentration. This approach enables synergistic matching with a range of commonly used HTLs, achieving a near-ideal charge balance across all systems. As a result, we fabricated high-performance QLEDs with universal HTL compatibility, where all optimized devices exhibited a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) exceeding 27%. Importantly, the positive aging effect commonly observed in ZnMgO-based devices is completely eliminated in all our SnO2-based QLEDs. This work provides a general and universal ETL materials for fabricating highly efficient and stable QLEDs compatible with diverse hole transport materials without the need to consider their hole mobility.}
}