@article{Yang2026, 
author = {Yang Yang and Zhenhai Gao and Zehao Kang and Keyuan Shi and Peng Guo},
title = {Multi-Objective Optimization of Phase Change Coupled Thermal Management System Based on NSWOA},
year = {2026},
journal = {Energy & Environmental Materials},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
keywords = {batteries, modeling, simulation},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1002/eem2.70096},
doi = {10.1002/eem2.70096},
abstract = {This study investigates phase change materials (PCMs) for lithium battery thermal management. A PCM cooling model was developed and experimentally validated, showing ≤1.5 K temperature error and ≤5% PCM melting simulation deviation. A non-uniform battery arrangement was proposed to optimize temperature distribution. Key PCM parameters (melting point, conductivity, latent heat) were analyzed for thermal performance. A hybrid liquid-PCM cooling system was designed and optimized via an entropy-weighted TOPSIS-NSWOA strategy. At 4 C discharge, the optimized system achieved 311.41 K maximum temperature (5.89 K reduction) and 4.71 K temperature difference, meeting 18 650 battery safety standards. The findings guide PCM selection and integrated thermal management design, balancing heat dissipation and temperature uniformity}
}