@article{Gao2026, 
author = {Yuan Gao and Xiang Huang and Shihao Feng and Junjie Chu},
title = {Development and Experimental Validation of an Integrated Evaporative and Hybrid Air-Liquid Cooling System for Intelligent Computing Centers},
year = {2026},
journal = {Journal of Refrigeration},
volume = {47},
number = {1},
pages = {96-104},
keywords = {air-liquid dual source, artificial intelligence data center, evaporative cooling, stepwise heat dissipation, approach degree},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20251103001},
doi = {10.12465/issn.0253-4339.20251103001},
abstract = {To address the heat dissipation challenges associated with high power density in intelligent computing centers, this study proposes an air-liquid dual source cooling system. The system utilizes a unified cold source with a stepwise water flow sequence of "air-cooling first, liquid-cooling second" to reduce exergy loss and match the temperature-grade of the respective cold source. The internal flow channel of the cooling unit was optimized through computational fluid dynamics simulations, and its performance was experimentally tested under high-temperature with high-humidity, moderate-temperature with moderate-humidity, and low-temperature conditions.Results indicate that the optimized unit achieves an outlet water temperature as low as 32.17 ℃ with a maximum coefficient of performance (COP) of 28.03 under high-temperature conditions. The unit also enables complete natural cooling under moderate conditions and reaches a peak COP of 33.4 under low-temperature conditions while maintaining stable operation. The system's overall approach degree ranges from 0.1 ℃ to 1.8 ℃, and its cooling capacity reaches 105.3%, outperforming the national standard. This study provides an efficient and practical cooling solution for high-density intelligent computing centers.}
}