@article{Fan2026, 
author = {Qing-Xia Fan and Jing Lin and Ling Xu and Wei He},
title = {Positive/negative binocular fusional C-optotypes and 2D planar C-optotypes on transient accommodation and stability in adult eyes: implications for myopia prevention and control},
year = {2026},
journal = {International Journal of Ophthalmology},
volume = {19},
number = {3},
pages = {539-548},
keywords = {fusional accommodation, transient accommodation, accommodative stability, myopia control},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.18240/ijo.2026.03.15},
doi = {10.18240/ijo.2026.03.15},
abstract = {AIMTo investigate the effects of binocular fusional C-optotypes (positive/negative) and 2D planar C-optotypes on the amplitude and stability of transient accommodation (TAC) in adults, and to provide a basis for non-contact myopia intervention.METHODSThis was a self-controlled study. Using red-blue 3D technology, four experimental stages were set up: Test A [fixating on the 1 m negative fusional C-optotypes, 8△ base-in (BI)], Test B (fixating on the 5 m planar C-optotypes), Test C (fixating on the 1 m planar C-optotypes), and Test D [fixating on the 1 m positive fusional C-optotypes, 20△ base-out (BO)]. A WAM-5500 open-field autorefractor was used to measure TAC and accommodative microfluctuations [evaluated via interquartile range (IQR) and median-based coefficient of variation (CVmed)]. Additionally, the convergence accommodation to convergence (CA/C) ratio was calculated, and a visual fatigue questionnaire was administered to assess participants’ subjective visual comfort.RESULTSA total of 21 subjects (7 males, 14 females; aged 23-41y) with normal binocular visual function were enrolled. The results showed that the TAC increased gradually across the four stages, and these values were Test A (-0.35±0.26 D)<Test B (-0.46±0.24 D)<Test C (-0.77±0.32 D) <Test D (-1.38±0.31 D). There were significant overall differences (F=56.136, P<0.001). Compared with Test C, Test A reduced TAC by 0.42 D (P<0.05), while Test D increased it by 0.61 D (P<0.001). There was no significant intergroup difference in accommodative fluctuation amplitude (all P>0.05), but the fluctuation stability of Test D showed a significant difference between the first 20s and the second 20s (P=0.017). The CA/C ratio was significantly higher in Test D (0.05±0.02 D/△) than in Test A (0.03±0.02 D/△, P=0.007), indicating stronger accommodation-convergence linkage during positive fusional fixation. The visual fatigue scores of all stages were low (median 0-1), with Test D slightly higher than Test B and Test C (P<0.05). No linear correlation was found between TAC and age (all r<0.1, P>0.05).CONCLUSIONNegative fusional C-optotypes induce ciliary muscle relaxation to reduce TAC, while positive fusional C-optotypes enhance accommodation-convergence coordination to increase TAC. The red-blue 3D-based non-contact training mode exhibits good safety (median visual fatigue scores: 0-1 across all tests) and provides a novel dual-directional (relaxation-activation) strategy for myopia prevention and control.}
}