@article{Jeong2026, 
author = {Sanghun Jeong and Hwayeong Kim and Sangwoo Moon and EunAh Kim and Hojin Yang and Jiwoong Lee and Kouros Nouri-Mahdavi},
title = {Functional generalized estimating equation model to detect glaucomatous visual field progression},
year = {2026},
journal = {International Journal of Ophthalmology},
volume = {19},
number = {2},
pages = {302-311},
keywords = {functional generalized estimating equation model, primary open angle glaucoma, perimetric progression},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.18240/ijo.2026.02.12},
doi = {10.18240/ijo.2026.02.12},
abstract = {AIMTo build a functional generalized estimating equation (GEE) model to detect glaucomatous visual field progression and compare the performance of the proposed method with that of commonly employed algorithms.METHODSTotally 716 eyes of 716 patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) with at least 5 reliable 24-2 test results and 2y of follow-up were selected. The functional GEE model was used to detect perimetric progression in the training dataset (501 eyes). In the testing dataset (215 eyes), progression was evaluated the functional GEE model, mean deviation (MD) and visual field index (VFI) rates of change, Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) and Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study (CIGTS) scores, and pointwise linear regression (PLR).RESULTSThe proposed method showed the highest proportion of eyes detected as progression (54.4%), followed by the VFI rate (34.4%), PLR (23.3%), and MD rate (21.4%). The CIGTS and AGIS scores had a lower proportion of eyes detected as progression (7.9% and 5.1%, respectively). The time to detection of progression was significantly shorter for the proposed method than that of other algorithms (adjusted P≤0.019). The VFI rate displayed moderate pairwise agreement with the proposed method (k=0.47).CONCLUSIONThe functional GEE model shows the highest proportion of eyes detected as perimetric progression and the shortest time to detect perimetric progression in patients with POAG.}
}