@article{QIN2025, 
author = {Honglei QIN and Ruofan DENG and Hongli LYU},
title = {Single-station TLE estimation of NC-LEO satellite for space-based opportunistic positioning},
year = {2025},
journal = {Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics},
volume = {51},
number = {12},
pages = {4031-4040},
keywords = {space-based opportunistic positioning, non-cooperative low Earth orbit satellite, single-station, two line element estimation, orbit determination},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2023.0684},
doi = {10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2023.0684},
abstract = {The space-based opportunistic positioning is an integral part of the resilient positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) system. At the moment, most space-based opportunistic positioning terminals depend on the non-cooperative low Earth orbit (NC-LEO) satellite’s unreliable and imprecise orbit. To address this problem, this paper presents a framework for single-station two line element (TLE) estimation of non-cooperative low Earth orbit satellites. The precise TLE is obtained using Doppler observations from a single-station and the orbital parameters for constellation design. Additionally, a TLE estimation algorithm is proposed based on a genetic algorithm-ridge estimation approach with multiple initialization strategies. This method facilitates the acquisition of accurate TLE even in situations where prior orbit information is incomplete, and when the problem is ill-conditioned. Finally, real-world tests confirm that using TLEs computed using the suggested method leads to improved accuracy when compared to placement based on NORAD’s publicly available TLEs.}
}