@article{Ma2026, 
author = {Bo Ma and Jianan Ma and Kai Wang and Demin Zhang and Kangdong Zhang and Yu Zhang and Shengbo Sang},
title = {Programmable multi-responsive MXene actuator based on micro-ridge structures},
year = {2026},
journal = {Nano Research},
volume = {19},
number = {6},
pages = {94908346},
keywords = {MXene, actuators, soft robots, multi-responsive, programmable deformation},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.26599/NR.2026.94908346},
doi = {10.26599/NR.2026.94908346},
abstract = {MXene (Ti3C2Tx), which is known for its exceptional hydrophilicity, remarkable electrical/thermal conductivity, and superior mechanical strength, has emerged as an ideal candidate for developing stimuli-responsive actuators. However, current MXene-based actuators are unable to simultaneously achieve both multiple stimuli responses and programmable deformation, which restricts their practical applications in real-world scenarios. Here, we have developed a multi-responsive MXene/paraffin wax (PW)&Fe3O4 actuator with shape programmability by introducing micro-ridge structures. Since the different hydrophilicity and thermal expansion characteristics between the two layers, the actuator exhibits stimuli-responsive deformations under humidity, light, and magnetic field. Additionally, by controlling the orientation of the micro-ridge structures, combined with heat-welding methods, various complex three-dimensional configurations of actuators can be programmed. As proof of concept, several smart devices, such as a biomimetic Trachelospermum jasminoides, a spiral gripper, and a maze robot, are demonstrated, offering new insights for the development of future flexible smart devices.}
}