@article{Chen2026, 
author = {Peng Chen and Nan Zhou and Zhengshun Cheng and Zhen Gao and Jingzhe Jin},
title = {A predictor–corrector integration scheme for efficient time-domain simulation of floating wind turbines},
year = {2026},
journal = {Ocean},
volume = {2},
pages = {9470016},
keywords = {floating wind turbine, time-domain simulation, PC-1F, predictor–corrector method, computational efficiency},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.26599/OCEAN.2026.9470016},
doi = {10.26599/OCEAN.2026.9470016},
abstract = {Fully coupled time-domain simulation is essential for the analysis and design of floating wind turbines (FWTs); however, its high computational cost remains a bottleneck for large-scale parametric and optimization studies. Conventional integrators such as the fourth-order Runge–Kutta (RK4) method require multiple force evaluations per time step; this increases the runtime in aero–hydro–servo–elastic models. To overcome this limitation, a predictor–corrector one-force (PC-1F) time-integration scheme was developed using the in-house simulation tool, Pywind. This scheme enforced a single synchronized force evaluation per time step while preserving second-order accuracy and eliminating empirical damping. PC-1F was verified against RK4 on the IEA 15 MW semisubmersible FWT under wind-only, wave-only, and coupled load cases. Results showed that PC-1F strongly agreed with RK4, exhibiting correlation coefficients above 0.95, mean discrepancies within 0.5% for key response quantities, and consistent power spectral densities in the wave-frequency band (0.05–0.3 Hz). Efficiency tests demonstrated that PC-1F achieved 70%–90% higher iteration rates than RK4, confirming its comparable fidelity at substantially reduced cost. These findings establish PC-1F as a practical, engineering-ready alternative to multistage integration schemes. It can also be employed for accelerated parametric sweep studies and uncertainty quantification and integrated into multiobjective optimization frameworks for next-generation FWT design.}
}