@article{Zhang2025, 
author = {Qing Zhang and Ling Li and Rizhao Cai and Qingli Li and Bandara Dissanayake and Yan Wang and Alex Kot},
title = {PS-Net: high-frequency attention and Bayesian analysis based facial pore segmentation with no human annotation},
year = {2025},
journal = {Visual Intelligence},
volume = {3},
pages = {20},
keywords = {Bayesian network, Coarse annotation, Pore segmentation, Weakly supervised segmentation},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1007/s44267-025-00088-9},
doi = {10.1007/s44267-025-00088-9},
abstract = {Facial pore segmentation results can provide reliable evidence to simulate post-product pore conditions and provide product recommendations. However, accurately segmenting pores is challenging due to their small size, weak boundaries and dense distribution. It is also difficult to acquire precise annotation. Therefore, we formulate pore segmentation as a two-stage, weakly supervised task using both traditional and deep learning methods without human annotation. We propose a novel method called the pore segmentation network (PS-Net). Specifically, it contains pore feature extraction with coarse labels generated by a traditional method, as well as fine segmentation with progressively updated pseudo labels. Since pores provide high-frequency information about faces, we propose a high-frequency attention module that emphasizes low-level features. Moreover, we design a Bayesian module to identify pore shapes in high-level features. We establish a large-scale facial pore dataset with coarse labels that were generated via the difference of Gaussian (DoG) Pore method. PS-Net achieves the best performance on this dataset, proving its superiority compared with existing state-of-the-art segmentation methods.}
}