@article{Zhao2025, 
author = {Chenyang Zhao and Desheng Sun and Li Tan and Xiangmei Chen},
title = {Update of Photodynamic Therapy and Sonodynamic Therapy in Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis},
year = {2025},
journal = {Advanced Ultrasound in Diagnosis and Therapy},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {138-145},
keywords = {Rheumatoid arthritis, Photodynamic therapy, Sonodynamic therapy, Nanomedicine},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.37015/AUDT.2025.240024},
doi = {10.37015/AUDT.2025.240024},
abstract = {Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) stands as a prevalent chronic autoimmune condition globally. Although conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) offer relief from systemic inflammation, they frequently entail undesirable side effects. Phototherapy, encompassing both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT), employs light and low-frequency ultrasound irradiation to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby inducing apoptosis in RA inflammatory cells and reducing cytokine expression. This approach presents a promising alternative for RA management. Recently, a range of nanomaterials that induce PDT or SDT have been developed, yielding promising outcomes in arthritis suppression. This review outlines the latest advancements in PDT/SDT-based nanomedicine for RA treatment.}
}