@article{ZENG2025, 
author = {Qingcun ZENG and Minghua ZHANG and Yongjiu DAI and Xiaodong ZENG},
title = {Research on Earth System Models and Numerical Simulations},
year = {2025},
journal = {Journal of Meteorological Research},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {467-484},
keywords = {Climate System Model, Ecological Environment System Model, coupling, Earth System Model, numerical simulation, climate prediction},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1007/s13351-025-4915-6},
doi = {10.1007/s13351-025-4915-6},
abstract = {The Earth system is a complex, nonlinear, and highly coupled system that integrates the atmosphere, land, ocean, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere through various physical, chemical, and biological processes. The Earth System Model (ESM) is an advanced mathematical–physical representation of this intricate system. It extends beyond the traditional climate system models that focus primarily on the physical representation of atmospheric, terrestrial, and oceanic states, to encompass environmental and ecological dynamics. Consequently, ESMs are essential tools not only for weather and climate prediction but also for studying environmental and ecological evolution, human-induced climate impacts, and strategies in climate and ecological management.}
}