@article{Cui2025, 
author = {Zenghao Cui and Ziyi Gao and Shuaibing Yue and Rui Wang and Haiyan Zhu},
title = {Classification Hardness Based Adaptive Sampling Ensemble for Imbalanced Data Classification},
year = {2025},
journal = {Tsinghua Science and Technology},
volume = {30},
number = {6},
pages = {2419-2433},
keywords = {imbalanced data, class overlapping, hybrid sampling, ensemble learning},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.26599/TST.2024.9010149},
doi = {10.26599/TST.2024.9010149},
abstract = {Class imbalance can substantially affect classification tasks using traditional classifiers, especially when identifying instances of minority categories. In addition to class imbalance, other challenges can also hinder accurate classification. Researchers have explored various approaches to mitigate the effects of class imbalance. However, most studies focus only on processing correlations within a single category of samples. This paper introduces an ensemble framework called Inter- and Intra-Class Overlapping Ensemble (IICOE), which incorporates two sampling methods. The first method, which is based on classification hardness undersampling, targets majority category samples by using simple samples as the foundation for classification and improving performance by focusing on samples near classification boundaries. The second method addresses the issue of overfitting minority category samples in undersampling and ensemble learning. To mitigate this, an adaptive augment hybrid sampling method is proposed, which enhances the classification boundary of samples and reduces overfitting. This paper conducts multiple experiments on 15 public datasets and concludes that the IICOE ensemble framework outperforms other ensemble learning algorithms in classifying imbalanced data.}
}