@article{Li2025, 
author = {Jiangning Li and Guangyao Liu and Gangyi Zeng and Weijian Yuan and Lingling Wen and Tiantian Wang and Xin Li},
title = {Lead iodide growth regulation included by N-formylmorpholine with strong electron-withdrawing groups for all-air-processed perovskite solar cells},
year = {2025},
journal = {Nano Research},
volume = {18},
number = {8},
pages = {94907600},
keywords = {perovskite solar cells, two-step method, N-formylmorpholine, lead iodide, ambient air},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.26599/NR.2025.94907600},
doi = {10.26599/NR.2025.94907600},
abstract = {Two-step sequential deposition represents a promising approach for attaining high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Nevertheless, a crucial challenge, especially under ambient conditions, lies in effectively enhancing the conversion efficiency of PbI2 and improving the crystallization quality of perovskite. Herein, N-formylmorpholine (NFM) is used as an additive to prepare high crystallinity and large particle size of the perovskite film by generating a porous large-grain PbI2 layer with two-step method. The theoretical calculations and characterization analysis reveal that NFM with end group C=O possesses both lone pair electrons and exhibits the highest electron cloud density in NFM, which governs the formation of covalent bonds between NFM and Pb2+, resulting in PbI2 arrangement and reducing the chance of forming two-dimensional (2D) perovskite. Furthermore, highly (001)-oriented perovskite film with reduced trap density is obtained. Consequently, the NFM-based PSCs fabricated in air without control conditions achieve a champion photoelectric conversion efficiency of 21.88% and enhanced device stability. Our study highlights the electron-withdrawing group effect of organic molecule in improving the performance of all-air-processed PSCs.}
}