@article{Zhang2025, 
author = {Xiao Peng Zhang and Li Yue Jing and Yun Hao Feng and Jie Jiao and Zhuo Lin Li and Bin Bin Yu and Ruixing Yu and Bo Zhi Chen and Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and Xin Dong Guo},
title = {Assessing insulin stability in dissolving MNs: Potential for clinical applications},
year = {2025},
journal = {Health Engineering},
volume = {1},
pages = {9460003},
keywords = {microneedle, insulin, stability, molecular dynamics simulation},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.26599/HE.2024.9460003},
doi = {10.26599/HE.2024.9460003},
abstract = {The proper storage temperature for dissolving insulin microneedles (INS MNs) is crucial for their clinical application to prevent INS inactivation. This study aimed to explore the impact of temperature on the dissolution of INS MNs and provide appropriate storage recommendations. Two commonly used materials, hyaluronic acid (HA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), were selected for the fabrication of four kinds of MNs to examine the stability of these MNs with respect to molecular weight and the sucrose adjuvant: PVA MNs, PVA with sucrose MNs, and HA with molecular weights of 8 and 160 kDa MNs. The drug stability of these INS MNs was assessed at storage temperatures of 4, 25, 40, and 60°C via electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, circular dichroism, and molecular dynamics simulations. The experimental results revealed that all four types of dissolving INS MNs remained stable for a minimum of 6 months when stored at 4°C. The inclusion of sucrose has been shown to increase the structural stability of INS MNs at both 4 and 25°C. Furthermore, MNs loaded with INS in a soluble form demonstrated superior stability compared with those loaded with INS solutions. On the basis of these results, tailored storage recommendations were provided for each type of dissolving INS MN. In summary, the broad storage temperature range for dissolving INS MNs not only reduces the costs associated with INS transportation and storage but also offers convenience for healthcare professionals and patients.}
}