@article{Hong2025, 
author = {Jianlong Hong and Xiao Wei and Huiyun Zhang and Yukun Xiao and Chongguang Meng and Yuqi Chen and Jiahui Li and Ling Li and Sanghoon Lee and Qiongfeng Shi and Jun Wu},
title = {Advances of triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators toward continuous monitoring and multimodal applications in the new era},
year = {2025},
journal = {International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
keywords = {triboelectric, piezoelectric, continuous monitoring, multimodal sensing, internet of thing},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1088/2631-7990/ad878b},
doi = {10.1088/2631-7990/ad878b},
abstract = {Benefiting from the widespread potential applications in the era of the Internet of Thing and metaverse, triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators (TENG & PENG) have attracted considerably increasing attention. Their outstanding characteristics, such as self-powered ability, high output performance, integration compatibility, cost-effectiveness, simple configurations, and versatile operation modes, could effectively expand the lifetime of vastly distributed wearable, implantable, and environmental devices, eventually achieving self-sustainable, maintenance-free, and reliable systems. However, current triboelectric/piezoelectric based active (i.e. self-powered) sensors still encounter serious bottlenecks in continuous monitoring and multimodal applications due to their intrinsic limitations of monomodal kinetic response and discontinuous transient output. This work systematically summarizes and evaluates the recent research endeavors to address the above challenges, with detailed discussions on the challenge origins, designing strategies, device performance, and corresponding diverse applications. Finally, conclusions and outlook regarding the research gap in self-powered continuous multimodal monitoring systems are provided, proposing the necessity of future research development in this field.}
}