@article{Li2025, 
author = {Xinyu Li and Yanbo Shang and Xue Wang and Zhimin Fang and Tianao Hou and Dehan Li and Shuang Gao and Tao Chen and Xu Pan and Zhengguo Xiao and Shangfeng Yang},
title = {Understanding ion migration suppression in all-inorganic mixed halide perovskites via tin-lead alloying},
year = {2025},
journal = {Nano Research Energy},
volume = {4},
pages = {e9120166},
keywords = {solar cells, all-inorganic perovskite, ion migration, lead-tin alloying, deep level defect},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.26599/NRE.2025.9120166},
doi = {10.26599/NRE.2025.9120166},
abstract = {All-inorganic perovskites are advantageous in terms of improved thermal stability compared to organic-inorganic counterparts. However, the ion migration-induced hysteresis significantly undermines the long-term operational stability of all-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs), particularly in mixed halide perovskites. Herein, we report that tin-lead (Sn-Pb) alloying for all-inorganic mixed halide perovskites can effectively inhibit the ion migration behavior, as comprehensively revealed by the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), optical microscopy and galvanostatic measurements. On one hand, the small-sized Sn2+ cations can tighten the lattice structure to enhance the Pb/Sn-X (X=I and Br) ionic bonds, thereby effectively immobilizing the halide ions. On the other hand, Sn substitution can significantly reduce anti-site defects, such as ICs and IPb, which are considered potential pathways for ion migration. With these advantages, ion migration is greatly suppressed in Sn-Pb alloyed inorganic perovskites, resulting in reduced hysteresis and improved operational stability of PSC devices.}
}