@article{Akanni2024, 
author = {J. O. Akanni and S. Ajao and S. F. Abimbade and  Fatmawati},
title = {Dynamical analysis of COVID-19 and tuberculosis co-infection using mathematical modelling approach},
year = {2024},
journal = {Mathematical Modelling and Control},
volume = {4},
number = {2},
pages = {208-229},
keywords = {COVID-19-TB co-infection, COVID-19, TB, vaccination, equilibrium state},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.3934/mmc.2024018},
doi = {10.3934/mmc.2024018},
abstract = {Both tuberculosis (TB) and COVID-19 are infectious diseases with similar clinical manifestations, which mainly affect the lungs. Clinical studies have revealed that the immunosuppressive drugs taken by COVID-19 patients can affect the immunological functions in the body, which can cause the patients to contract active TB via a new infection or reinfection, and the co-infection of the two diseases portends a clinical complexity in the management of the patients. Thus, this paper presents a mathematical model to study the dynamics and control of COVID-19-TB co-infection. The full model of the co-infection is split into two submodels, namely, the TB-only and the COVID-19-only models. The equilibria of the disease-free and endemic situations of the two sub-models are shown to be globally asymptotically stable when their control reproduction numbers        R          o              T      V        ,      R          o              C      V        <  1 and                      R        ~                    o              T      V        ,                    R        ~                    o              C      V        >  1, respectively. However, the disease-free equilibrium of the co-infection model was found to lose its global stability property when the reproduction number        R          o              F        <  1, therefore exhibiting a backward bifurcation. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the associated reproduction number of the full model has been performed by using the Latin hypercube sampling/Pearson rank correlation coefficient (LHS/PRCC) method. The rate of transmission of COVID-19 and the proportions of individuals vaccinated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and against COVID-19 were found to be highly significant in the spread and control of COVID-19-TB co-infection. Furthermore, the simulation results show that decreasing the COVID-19 transmission rate and increasing the proportion of people vaccinated with BCG and against COVID-19 can lower the number of cases of COVID-19-TB co-infection. Therefore, measures to reduce the transmission rate and the provision of adequate resources to increase the proportions of people vaccinated against TB and COVID-19 should be implemented to minimize the cases of co-infection.}
}