@article{Zhang2025, 
author = {Yu Zhang and Jincheng Hu and Guoliang Liang and Hongwei Yang and Pengxuan Liu and Xinxi Zeng and Shuang Li and Bin Yang},
title = {GTOC12: Results from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics},
year = {2025},
journal = {Astrodynamics},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {41-53},
keywords = {GTOC12, asteroid mining, asteroid rendezvous, beam search, trajectory optimization},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1007/s42064-024-0209-5},
doi = {10.1007/s42064-024-0209-5},
abstract = {This paper presents the results and design methods of team Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in the 12th edition of the Global Trajectory Optimization Competition. To address the problem of sustainable asteroid mining, we focus on the following: analyzing the constraints and asteroids involved; selecting a candidate set of asteroids for which mining missions can be performed easily; establishing an algorithmic flow using phasing indicators, multiobjective beam search, and a genetic algorithm to determine the sequence of asteroid visits for mining ships; and optimizing low-thrust trajectories via an indirect method and global optimization. In addition, a central-node method is proposed to simplify the design process and reduce the computational cost of performing repetitive asteroid-rendezvous missions. The methods developed in the competition enable the mining of 161 asteroids via 20 mining ships, with a total collected mass of 11,513 kg.}
}