@article{Li2025, 
author = {Zhenzhong Li and Chao Wang and Fanqiang Meng and Zhou Zhou and Lei Li and Chunzhen Yang and Dongbai Sun},
title = {Laboratory-based X-ray diffractometer with fast time resolution for operando battery studies},
year = {2025},
journal = {Energy Materials and Devices},
volume = {3},
number = {1},
pages = {9370057},
keywords = {X-ray diffractometer, metal-jet X-ray source, extreme fast-charging battery, structure evolution, device assembly},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.26599/EMD.2025.9370057},
doi = {10.26599/EMD.2025.9370057},
abstract = {Operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an important characterization tool for real-time monitoring of structural changes in materials under different reaction conditions. In this study, we developed a laboratory-based diffractometer that could capture a full XRD spectrum within 10 s. The instrument has several advanced features. First, it uses a Ga–In alloy metal-jet X-ray source, thereby achieving high X-ray flux with a brightness of up to 3.0 × 1010 photons/(s·mm2·mrad2). Second, it employs an ellipsoidal mirror with a multilayer coating to produce quasi-parallel monochromatic light characterized by a divergence of 0.6 mrad and an energy resolution of 5.9 × 10−3. Third, it is equipped with a high-efficiency, high-signal-to-noise-ratio Pilatus 3R 1M detector for collecting diffraction signals. These features make the developed instrument applicable in studying rapid phase transitions in lithium-ion batteries, especially under extremely fast charge–discharge conditions. The data quality was comparable to that of synchrotron radiation XRD.}
}