@article{Daly2021, 
author = {Samuel R. Daly and Anthony V. Nguyen and Yilu Zhang and Dongxia Feng and Jason H. Huang},
title = {The relationship between COVID-19 infection and intracranial hemorrhage: A systematic review},
year = {2021},
journal = {Brain Hemorrhages},
volume = {2},
number = {4},
pages = {141-150},
keywords = {Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, Intracranial Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage, Cerebral Venous Thrombosis, Hemorrhagic Infarct, Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1016/j.hest.2021.11.003},
doi = {10.1016/j.hest.2021.11.003},
abstract = {IntroductionIn addition to the deleterious effects Covid-19 has on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, COVID-19 can also result in damage to the nervous system. This review aims to explore current literature on the association between COVID-19 and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of PubMed for literature published on COVID-19 and ICH. Ninety-four of 295 screened papers met inclusion criteria.ResultsThe literature addressed incidence and mortality of ICH associated with Covid-19. It also revealed cases of COVID-19 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, subdural hematomas, and hemorrhage secondary to cerebral venous thrombosis and ischemic stroke. ICH during COVID-19 infections was associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for ICH appeared to be therapeutic anticoagulation, ECMO, and mechanical ventilation. Outcomes varied widely, depending on the severity of COVID-19 infection and neurologic injury.ConclusionAlthough treatment for severe Covid-19 infections is often aimed at addressing acute respiratory distress syndrome, vasculopathy, and coagulopathy, neurologic injury can also occur. Evidence-based treatments that improve COVID-19 mortality may also increase risk for developing ICH. Providers should be aware of potential neurologic sequelae of COVID-19, diagnostic methods to rule out other causes of ICH, and treatment regimens.}
}