@article{Noisak2024, 
author = {Jitrawan Noisak and Pimchanok Ieamviteevanich and Thitirat Charoonsuk and Phakkhananan Pakawanit and Nattapong Pinpru and Wanwilai Vittayakorn and Tosapol Maluangnont and Panpailin Seeharaj and Theerachai Bongkarn and Te-Wei Chiu and Naratip Vittayakorn},
title = {The role of γ-C2H5NO2 as a new transient liquid phase in cold sintering process of BaTiO3 composites},
year = {2024},
journal = {Journal of Advanced Ceramics},
volume = {13},
number = {7},
pages = {942-955},
keywords = {gamma-glycine (γ-GC), barium titanate (BT), cold sintering process, organic ferroelectric materials, dielectric properties, ferroelectric properties},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.26599/JAC.2024.9220908},
doi = {10.26599/JAC.2024.9220908},
abstract = {Dielectric materials, such as barium titanate (BT)-based materials, have excellent dielectric properties but require high temperatures (above 1300 °C) for ceramic fabrication, leading to high costs and energy loss. The cold sintering process (CSP) offers a solution to these issues and is gaining worldwide attention as an innovative fabrication route. In this work, we proposed an alternative organic ferroelectric phase, gamma-glycine (γ-GC), which acts as a transient liquid phase to fabricate high-density composites with barium titanate (BT) at low temperatures through CSP. Our findings show that the density of 15γ-GC/85BT reached 96.7%±1.6% when it was sintered at 120 °C for 6 h under 10 MPa uniaxial pressure. Scanning electron microscopy‒energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM‒EDS) mappings of the composite suggested that γ-GC completely underwent the precipitation–dissolution process and, therefore, filled between BT particles. Moreover, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the preservation of γ-GC without undesired phase transformation. In addition, the ferroelectric and dielectric properties of γ-GC/BT composites have been reported. The high dielectric constant (εr) was 3600, and the low dielectric loss (tanδ) was 1.20 at 200 °C and 100 kHz for the 15γ-GC/85BT composite. The hysteresis loop showed a remanent polarization (Pr) of 0.55 µC·cm−2 and a coercive field (Ec) of 7.25 kV·cm−1. Our findings reaffirmed that an organic ferroelectric material (γ-GC) can act as a transient liquid phase in a CSP that can successfully and sustainably fabricate γ-GC/BT composites at low temperatures while delivering outstandingly high performance.}
}