@article{Zhang2024, 
author = {Han Zhang and Ziqi Zeng and Shuping Wang and Yuanke Wu and Changhao Li and Mengchuang Liu and Xinlan Wang and Shijie Cheng and Jia Xie},
title = {High-safety and high-voltage lithium metal batteries enabled by nonflammable diluted highly concentrated electrolyte},
year = {2024},
journal = {Nano Research},
volume = {17},
number = {4},
pages = {2638-2645},
keywords = {lithium metal batteries, thermal stability, nonflammable electrolyte, high-voltage, phosphazene},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1007/s12274-023-6056-5},
doi = {10.1007/s12274-023-6056-5},
abstract = {Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) show great promise for achieving energy densities over 400 Wh·kg−1. However, highly flammable organic electrolytes are a long-lasting problem that triggers safety hazards and hinders the commercial application of LMBs. Here, a nonflammable diluted highly concentrated electrolyte (DHCE) with ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene (PFPN) as a diluent is developed to simultaneously achieve high safety and cycling stability of high-voltage LMBs. The optimal DHCE not only ensures reversible Li deposition/dissolution behavior with a superior average Coulombic efficiency (CE) over 99.1% on lithium metal anode (LMA), but also suppresses side reactions and stress crack on the LiCoO2 (LCO) under high cut-off voltage. The newly developed DHCE exhibits high thermal stability, showing complete nonflammability and reduced heat generation between the electrolyte and delithiated LCO/cycled LMA. This work offers an opportunity for rational designing nonflammable electrolytes toward high-voltage and safe LMBs.}
}