@article{Chang2016, 
author = {Yun Chang and Kai Li and Yanlin Feng and Ning Liu and Yan Cheng and Xiujuan Sun and Yuqing Feng and Xi Li and Zhijian Wu and Haiyuan Zhang},
title = {Crystallographic facet-dependent stress responses by polyhedral lead sulfide nanocrystals and the potential "safe-by-design" approach},
year = {2016},
journal = {Nano Research},
volume = {9},
number = {12},
pages = {3812-3827},
keywords = {nanomaterials, toxicity, facet, metal dissolution, safe-by-design},
url = {https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1007/s12274-016-1251-2},
doi = {10.1007/s12274-016-1251-2},
abstract = {The particular physicochemical properties of nanomaterials are able to elicit unique biological responses. The property activity relationship is usually established for in-depth understanding of toxicity mechanisms and designing safer nanomaterials. In this study, the toxic role of specific crystallographic facets of a series of polyhedral lead sulfide (PbS) nanocrystals, including truncated octahedrons, cuboctahedrons, truncated cubes, and cubes, was investigated in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and murine alveolar macrophages (RAW 264.7) cells. {100} facets were found capable of triggering facet-dependent cellular oxidative stress and heavy metal stress responses, such as glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and metallothionein (MT) expression, and mitochondrial dysfunction, while {111} facets remained inert under biological conditions. The {100}-facet-dependent toxicity was ascribed to {100}-facet-dependent lead dissolution, while the low lead dissolution of {111} facets was due to the strong protection afforded by poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) during synthesis. Based on this facet-toxicity relationship, a "safe-by-design" strategy was designed to prevent lead dissolution from {100} facets through the formation of atomically thin lead-chloride adlayers, resulting in safer polyhedral PbS nanocrystals.}
}