Distribution, Evolution, and Origin of the Lunar Energetic Particles

Various kinds of energetic particles can directly and continuously interact with the lunar surface since there is no atmosphere and no global magnetic field on the Moon. How energetic particles distribute on the Moon and what are their roles in the space weathering caused by the interactions between energetic particles and the lunar surface are the essential problems that need to be solved urgently in lunar science. In this paper, the research status and related scientific problems of the origin, distribution, and evolution of lunar energetic particles are summarized. The lunar exploration programs proposed by different countries and organizations are listed, and directions for future development are also discussed in this paper. Finally, based on the open questions and future focuses, we put forward several suggestions about China’s future lunar exploration programs and technical specifications of scientific payloads.