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Brain Science Advances 2020, 6(4): 324-343 https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2020.9050022
Review Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 28 February 2021

Neurological diseases caused by coronavirus infection of the respiratory airways

Show Author's Information Waqas Ahmed1,2,  Adeel Khan3,  Wish Hal Sundar4,  Humaira Naseem5,  Wanghao Chen2,  Jia Feng1,2,  Samran Durrani3,  Lukui Chen1( )
Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, Guangdong, China
School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Department of General Surgery, Allied Hospital Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:
human coronavirus, respiratory viral infection, neuroinvasion, CNS infection, neurological diseases, COVID-19
Cite this article:
Ahmed W, Khan A, Hal Sundar W, et al. Neurological diseases caused by coronavirus infection of the respiratory airways. Brain Science Advances, 2020, 6(4): 324-343. https://doi.org/10.26599/BSA.2020.9050022
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Abstract Full text About this article

Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) infections are critical problems for public health. They are caused by several different organisms, including the respiratory coronaviruses (CoVs). CoVs usually infect the upper respiratory tract causing the common cold. However, in infants, and in elderly and immunocompromised persons, they can also affect the lower respiratory tract causing pneumonia and various syndromes of respiratory distress. CoVs also have neuroinvasive capabilities because they can spread from the respiratory tract to the CNS. Once infection begins in the CNS cells, it can cause various CNS problems such as status epilepticus, encephalitis, and long-term neurological disease. This neuroinvasive properties of CoVs may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune response, which could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus-induced neuro-immunopathology) or associated with viral replication directly causing damage to the CNS cells (virus-induced neuropathology). In December 2019, a new disease named COVID-19 emerged which is caused by CoVs. The significant clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are related to the respiratory system, but they can also affect the CNS, causing acute cerebrovascular and intracranial infections. We describe the possible invasion routes of coronavirus in this review article, and look for the most recent findings associated with the neurological complications in the recently published literature.


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About this article

Neurological diseases caused by coronavirus infection of the respiratory airways

Show Author's information Waqas Ahmed1,2, Adeel Khan3, Wish Hal Sundar4, Humaira Naseem5, Wanghao Chen2, Jia Feng1,2, Samran Durrani3, Lukui Chen1( )
Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510310, Guangdong, China
School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Department of General Surgery, Allied Hospital Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) infections are critical problems for public health. They are caused by several different organisms, including the respiratory coronaviruses (CoVs). CoVs usually infect the upper respiratory tract causing the common cold. However, in infants, and in elderly and immunocompromised persons, they can also affect the lower respiratory tract causing pneumonia and various syndromes of respiratory distress. CoVs also have neuroinvasive capabilities because they can spread from the respiratory tract to the CNS. Once infection begins in the CNS cells, it can cause various CNS problems such as status epilepticus, encephalitis, and long-term neurological disease. This neuroinvasive properties of CoVs may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune response, which could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus-induced neuro-immunopathology) or associated with viral replication directly causing damage to the CNS cells (virus-induced neuropathology). In December 2019, a new disease named COVID-19 emerged which is caused by CoVs. The significant clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are related to the respiratory system, but they can also affect the CNS, causing acute cerebrovascular and intracranial infections. We describe the possible invasion routes of coronavirus in this review article, and look for the most recent findings associated with the neurological complications in the recently published literature.

Keywords: human coronavirus, respiratory viral infection, neuroinvasion, CNS infection, neurological diseases, COVID-19

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Received: 04 July 2020
Revised: 27 July 2020
Accepted: 31 July 2020
Published: 28 February 2021
Issue date: December 2020

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© The authors 2020

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The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81671819).

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