Focused Ultrasound Combined with Microbubbles for Inducing Blood-Brain Barrier Opening: Cavitation Monitoring and Control

Focused ultrasound (FUS) represents an emerging non-invasive technique capable of achieving reversible and targeted opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) when combined with microbubbles (MBs), significantly enhancing drug permeability. This technology demonstrates considerable potential in preclinical studies for diagnosing and treating neurological disorders. Ensuring safe and effective BBB opening while preventing tissue injuries such as red blood cell extravasation remains a critical translational challenge. This review examines the mechanisms of FUS combined with MBs induced BBB opening, key influencing factors, and recent advances in strategies for monitoring and controlling in vivo cavitation activity, providing foundational insights for future research.