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Journal of Neurorestoratology 2014, 2(1): 47-63 https://doi.org/10.2147/JN.S50114
Original Research | Open Access | Issue | Published: 05 May 2014

Cerebrolysin protects against rotenone-induced oxidative stress and neurodegeneration

Show Author's Information Omar ME Abdel-Salam1( ),  Nadia A Mohammed2,  Eman R Youness2,  Yasser A Khadrawy3,  Enayat A Omara4,  Amany A Sleem5
Department of Toxicology and Narcotics,
Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Department of Physiology,
Department of Pathology,
Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
Keywords:
apoptosis, brain oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, nigrostriatal damage
Cite this article:
Abdel-Salam OM, Mohammed NA, Youness ER, et al. Cerebrolysin protects against rotenone-induced oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Journal of Neurorestoratology, 2014, 2(1): 47-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/JN.S50114
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Abstract Full text About this article

We investigated the effect of cerebrolysin, a peptide mixture used for promoting memory and recovery from cerebral stroke, on the development of oxidative stress and nigrostriatal cell injury induced by rotenone administration in rats. Rotenone 1.5 mg/kg was given subcutaneously three times weekly either alone or in combination with cerebrolysin at 21.5, 43, or 86 mg/kg. Rats were euthanized 14 days after starting the rotenone injection. Lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (nitrite) concentrations, paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities – as well as the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 – were measured in the brain. Histopathology, tyrosine hydroxylase, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cleaved caspase-3 immunohistochemistry were also performed. Rotenone caused a significantly elevated oxidative stress and proinflammatory response in the different brain regions. Malondialdehyde and nitric oxide concentrations were significantly increased, while GSH markedly decreased in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and in the rest of the brain. PON1 and AChE activities significantly decreased with respect to the control levels after rotenone application. Striatal Bcl-2 was significantly decreased while MCP-1 increased following rotenone injection. Rotenone caused prominent iNOS, TNF-α, and caspase-3 immunostaining in the striatum and resulted in markedly decreased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra and striatum. Cerebrolysin coadministered with rotenone decreased lipid peroxidation, increased GSH, and inhibited the elevation of nitric oxide induced by rotenone. Cerebrolysin also decreased the rotenone-induced decline in the PON1 and AChE activities and the rotenone-mediated changes in the striatal Bcl-2 and MCP-1 levels. The drug reduced iNOs, TNF-α, and caspase 3 expressions and increased the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the striatum. Cerebrolysin markedly prevented the development of neuronal damage in the cortex and striatum. These data suggest that cerebrolysin may have potential therapeutic effect in Parkinson’s disease.


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About this article

Cerebrolysin protects against rotenone-induced oxidative stress and neurodegeneration

Show Author's information Omar ME Abdel-Salam1( ), Nadia A Mohammed2, Eman R Youness2, Yasser A Khadrawy3, Enayat A Omara4, Amany A Sleem5
Department of Toxicology and Narcotics,
Department of Medical Biochemistry,
Department of Physiology,
Department of Pathology,
Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract

We investigated the effect of cerebrolysin, a peptide mixture used for promoting memory and recovery from cerebral stroke, on the development of oxidative stress and nigrostriatal cell injury induced by rotenone administration in rats. Rotenone 1.5 mg/kg was given subcutaneously three times weekly either alone or in combination with cerebrolysin at 21.5, 43, or 86 mg/kg. Rats were euthanized 14 days after starting the rotenone injection. Lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (nitrite) concentrations, paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities – as well as the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 – were measured in the brain. Histopathology, tyrosine hydroxylase, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cleaved caspase-3 immunohistochemistry were also performed. Rotenone caused a significantly elevated oxidative stress and proinflammatory response in the different brain regions. Malondialdehyde and nitric oxide concentrations were significantly increased, while GSH markedly decreased in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and in the rest of the brain. PON1 and AChE activities significantly decreased with respect to the control levels after rotenone application. Striatal Bcl-2 was significantly decreased while MCP-1 increased following rotenone injection. Rotenone caused prominent iNOS, TNF-α, and caspase-3 immunostaining in the striatum and resulted in markedly decreased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra and striatum. Cerebrolysin coadministered with rotenone decreased lipid peroxidation, increased GSH, and inhibited the elevation of nitric oxide induced by rotenone. Cerebrolysin also decreased the rotenone-induced decline in the PON1 and AChE activities and the rotenone-mediated changes in the striatal Bcl-2 and MCP-1 levels. The drug reduced iNOs, TNF-α, and caspase 3 expressions and increased the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the striatum. Cerebrolysin markedly prevented the development of neuronal damage in the cortex and striatum. These data suggest that cerebrolysin may have potential therapeutic effect in Parkinson’s disease.

Keywords: apoptosis, brain oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, nigrostriatal damage

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Publication history

Published: 05 May 2014
Issue date: December 2014

Copyright

© 2014 The Author(s).

Rights and permissions

© 2014 Abdel-Salam et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. Permissions beyond the scope of the License are administered by Dove Medical Press Limited. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress.com/permissions.php

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