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Practice Guidelines | Open Access

Comparison of the efficacy of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression

Qi Lua,b, Juan Huia, Haiyue Daia,c, Ran Haob, Yuesen Houb, Di Wanga, Yongfeng Yanga,c, Juan Lia, Jinggui Songa,c( ), Zhaohui Zhangb( )
The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental Disorder, Xinxiang 453002, Henan, China
The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Weihui 453100, Henan, China
Henan Engineering Research Center of Physical Diagnostics and Treatment Technology for Mental and Neurological Diseases, Xinxiang 453002, Henan, China
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Abstract

Background

High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) demonstrate significant potential for improving depressive symptoms and cognitive function; however, their effectiveness varies greatly among individuals. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy enables real-time monitoring of brain function during cognitive tasks in patients with psychiatric disorders.

Methods

A 4-week longitudinal study was conducted involving 61 patients with depression and 26 healthy controls. Patients were randomly assigned to HD-tDCS, rTMS, and antidepressant (AD) groups. Changes in depressive symptoms, adverse event rates, and prefrontal cortical oxyhemoglobin concentrations were assessed.

Result

At week 4, remission rates were 62.5% (15), 61.9% (13), and 62.5% (10) in the HD-tDCS, rTMS, and AD groups, respectively (x2 = 0.002, p = 1.000). Response rates were 66.7% (16), 71.4% (15), and 68.8% (11), respectively, with no significant difference between groups (x2 = 0.12, p = 0.941). All groups demonstrated significant improvement in depressive symptoms and cognitive function. The rTMS group exhibited a significantly greater decrease in Hamilton Depression Scale score compared with the HD-tDCS and AD groups. After 2 weeks of treatment, patients exhibited improved depressive symptoms and reduced activation during the verbal fluency task. However, these changes were not significantly correlated (r = −0.159 to 0.240, p = 0.121–0.988).

Limitations

All patients had concomitant use of ADs, which may impact near-infrared spectroscopy signaling and have an indeterminate effect on cognition.

Conclusion

HD-tDCS, rTMS, and ADs were equally effective, safe, and well-tolerated. HD-tDCS and rTMS were more effective for working memory, attention, executive functioning, and mood regulation.

Keywords

DepressionHD-tDCSrTMSfNIRSEfficacy

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Journal of Neurorestoratology
Volume 13 Issue 3,
June 2025
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100190
Cite this article:
Lu Q, Hui J, Dai H, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Journal of Neurorestoratology, 2025, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnrt.2025.100190

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Received: 14 July 2024
Revised: 07 December 2024
Accepted: 05 January 2025
Published: 01 June 2025
© 2025 The Authors.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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