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Review | Open Access

Advancements in neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and novel neurorestorative interventions

Wenyong Gaoa,1, Shiyuan Jingb,1, Chao Hec,1, Hooshang Saberid, Hari Shanker Sharmae( ), Fabin Hanf( ), Lin Chenb( )
Center for Beijing Neurorestoratologic Industry Innovation, Institute of Beijing Neurorestoratologic Industry Innovation, Beijing 100041, China
Department of Neurosurgery, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100007, China
Department of Neurosurgery, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhuji 311800, Zhejiang, China
Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran
International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Frödingsgatan 12, LGH 1103, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
Liaocheng University/Liaocheng People's Hospital, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine/Key Translational Laboratory of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Health Commission of Shandong Province, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, China

1 These authors contributed equally to this work.

Show Author Information

Abstract

Progressive neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) that lack effective disease-modifying treatments, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD), represent significant global health challenges. In recent years, key research findings have included the role of neuroinflammation driven by microglia and astrocytes, the impact of genetic mutations, and the importance of autophagy and mitochondrial quality control in maintaining neuronal health. In this review, we summarize recent advancements of the pathogenesis of NDs, the cellular and animal models that have provided valuable insights into disease mechanisms, and the development of blood-based biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. We also highlight emerging neurorestorative therapeutic strategies involving stem cell therapy, antisense oligonucleotides, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Additionally, we cover recent clinical trials of promising drugs, such as lecanemab and donanemab for AD, and tavapadon for PD. Finally, we propose future research directions, emphasizing the need for combination therapies that target multiple pathways, the development of more precise animal models, and the integration of nanotechnology for improved drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier.

Keywords

NeurodegenerationNeurorestorative mechanismNeuromodulationNeuroprotectionNeuroplasticity

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Journal of Neurorestoratology
Volume 13 Issue 2,
April 2025
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnrt.2024.100176
Cite this article:
Gao W, Jing S, He C, et al. Advancements in neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and novel neurorestorative interventions. Journal of Neurorestoratology, 2025, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnrt.2024.100176

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Received: 30 May 2024
Revised: 09 September 2024
Accepted: 27 September 2024
Published: 01 April 2025
© 2024.

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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