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Original Research | Open Access

Western diet induces mild metabolic impairment and aggravates neuropathology in an experimental mouse model of traumatic brain injury

Judith Nwaiwua,b, Stanley Ibeha,c, Mohammad Amine Reslana, Nour-Mounira Z. Bakkard, Leila Nasrallaha,e, Ali H. Eidf, Sarin Mekhjiana, Akeem Sannib, Muhammad Ali Haidara, Mona Golib, Omar Obeidg, Riyad El Khouryh, Yehia Mechrefb( ), Ahmed F. El-Yazbii,j( ), Firas Kobeissyk( )
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, TX, USA
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, NS, Canada
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City G1V 0A6, QC, Canada
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
Faculty of Pharmacy, Research and Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein 51718, Egypt
Morehouse School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers (CNMB), 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta 30310 GA, USA
Show Author Information

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and lifestyle habits such as Western diet (WD) consumption represent two risk factors that affect an individual's health outcome globally. Individuals with TBI have a greater risk of mortality from associated chronic diseases than the general population. WD has been shown to impair cognitive function, decrease the brain's capacity to compensate for insult by affecting recovery as well as induce metabolic syndrome (MetS) which may be a risk factor for poor TBI prognosis. Hence, this study aims to investigate the impact of WD on TBI behavioral outcomes and neuropathology. Eight-week-old male C57BL6 mice were fed either WD or normal chow for 4 weeks prior to TBI induction. At week four, mice underwent either an experimental open-head TBI or a sham procedure. Mice continued their respective diets for four weeks after brain injury. Metabolic, cognitive function, and molecular assessment were performed four weeks after TBI. Results showed that while WD significantly increased fat percentage and elevated plasma cholesterol, there was no change in blood glucose level or body weight, indicating an early stage of MetS. Nevertheless, this was associated with neuroinflammation and impaired cognitive functions. However, there was no significant impact on cardiovascular function and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Importantly, the mild MetS induced by WD triggered basal motor, cognitive deterioration and exacerbated the long-term neuropathology of TBI. Taken together, our work highlights the magnitude of the contribution of lifestyle factors including the type of diet, even in the absence of overt metabolic consequences, on the neurobehavioral prognosis following TBI.

Keywords

Traumatic brain injuryWestern dietMild metabolic impairmentNeuroinflammation

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Journal of Neurorestoratology
Volume 12 Issue 3,
September 2024
Article number: 100140
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnrt.2024.100140
Cite this article:
Nwaiwu J, Ibeh S, Reslan MA, et al. Western diet induces mild metabolic impairment and aggravates neuropathology in an experimental mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurorestoratology, 2024, 12(3): 100140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnrt.2024.100140

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Received: 26 December 2023
Revised: 30 May 2024
Accepted: 08 June 2024
Published: 26 July 2024
© 2024 The Author(s).

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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