AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Journal of Neurorestoratology Article
Article Link
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Practice Guidelines | Open Access

Clinical neurorestorative treatment guidelines for neurological dysfunctions of sequels from vertebral and spinal cord lesions (CANR 2023 version)

Xiaodong Guoa,1, Jianzhong Hub,1, Shiqing Fengc,d,e, Xiuwei Gaof, Changkai Sung, Qiang Aoh, Lin Cheni, Lukui Chenj, Ping Zhangk, Yiwu Dail, Zuncheng Zhengm, Hongyun Huangn,o( ), On behalf of the Chinese Association of Neurorestoratology (Preparatory) and the China Committee of International Association of Neurorestoratology
Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin 300052, China
The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China
Shandong Junxiu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
Research & Educational Center for the Control Engineering of Translational Precision Medicine (RECCE-TPM), School of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Tissue Regenerative Biomaterial & Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Device & National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
Department of Neurosurgery, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Neurorestoratologic Industry Innovation Center, Beijing 100700, China
Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, Guangdong, China
General Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518070, Guangdong, China
Neurosurgery Department, The 7th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian 271000, Shangdong, China
Beijing Hongtianji Neuroscience Academy, Beijing 100143, China
Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China

1 These authors contributed equally to this work.

Show Author Information

Abstract

Restoring neurological dysfunctions is challenging in patients with the sequels of vertebral and spinal cord lesions. Current guidelines focus on treating the early stage of vertebral and spinal cord lesions, such as tethered cord syndrome, syringomyelia, spinal degenerative diseases, spinal infection, ankylosing spondylitis, myelitis, vertebral and spinal cord vascular malformations, and others, whereas the treatments of the sequels of those lesions have received limited attention. Restoring neurological dysfunctions and damaged structures caused by these lesions could improve patient quality of life. The Chinese Association of Neurorestoratology (Preparatory) and the China Committee of International Association of Neurorestoratology therefore proposed and approved this guideline providing the restorative therapeutic rules and references for physicians to treat patients with neurological dysfunction of sequels from vertebral and spinal cord lesions.

Keywords

Neurorestorative treatmentClinical guidelinesVertebral and spinal cord lesionsNeurological dysfunctionNeurorestoratologySequels

References

1
Benzel EC. Spine Surgery: Technique, Complication, Avoidance, and Management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2005.
2

Horn S, Moses M, Vasquez-Montes D, et al. Tethered cord syndrome in the United States cluster analysis of presenting anomalies and associated. Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 2020;78(3):157-162.
Google Scholar
3

Klekamp J. Treatment of syringomyelia related to nontraumatic arachnoid pathologies of the spinal canal. Neurosurgery. 2013;72(3):376-389.
Crossref Google Scholar
4

Giner J, Pérez López C, Hernández B, et al. Update on the pathophysiology and management of syringomyelia unrelated to Chiari malformation. Neurologia. 2019;34(5):318-325.
Crossref Google Scholar
5

McCartney S, Baskerville R, Blagg S, et al. Cervical radiculopathy and cervical myelopathy: diagnosis and management in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2018;68(666):44-46.
Crossref Google Scholar
6

Childress MA, Becker BA. Nonoperative management of cervical radiculopathy. Am Fam Physician. 2016;93(9):746-754.
Google Scholar
7

Berry JA, Elia C, Saini HS, et al. A review of lumbar radiculopathy, diagnosis, and treatment. Cureus. 2019;11(10):e5934.
Crossref Google Scholar
8

Manfrè L, Van Goethem J. The Disc and Degenerative Disc Disease. Springer Nature; 2020.
Crossref
9

Duarte RM, Vaccaro AR. Spinal infection: state of the art and management algorithm. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(12):2787-2799.
Crossref Google Scholar
10

Nickerson EK, Sinha R. Vertebral osteomyelitis in adults: an update. Br Med Bull. 2016;117(1):121-138.
Crossref Google Scholar
11

Zimmerli W. Vertebral osteomyelitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(11):1022-1029.
Crossref Google Scholar
12

Berbari EF, Kanj SS, Kowalski TJ, et al. Infectious diseases society of America (IDSA) clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2015. 2015;61(6):e26-e46.
Crossref Google Scholar
13

Xie Y, Yang KH, Lyu Q, et al. Practice guideline for patients with ankylosing spondylitis/spondyloarthritis. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2020;59(7):511-518.
Google Scholar
14

Ungprasert P, Chaikijurajai T, Wijarnpreecha K, et al. Clinical characteristics and resource utilization of 19,130 hospitalizations of patients with ankylosing spondylitis in United States: national Inpatient Sample 2018. Jt Bone Spine. 2022;89(3):105313.
Crossref Google Scholar
15

Beh SC, Greenberg BM, Frohman T, et al. Transverse myelitis. Neurol Clin. 2013;31(1):79-138.
Crossref Google Scholar
16
Jandial Rahul. Spinal cord arteriovenous malformations. In: Jandial Rahul, ed. Core Techniques in Operative Neurosurgery. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2020:465-469.
Crossref
17

Ducruet AF, Crowley RW, McDougall CG, et al. Endovascular management of spinal arteriovenous malformations. J Neurointerventional Surg. 2013;5(6):605-611.
Crossref Google Scholar
18

Jung SC, Song YS, Cho SH, et al. Endovascular management of aneurysms associated with spinal arteriovenous malformations. J Neurointerventional Surg. 2018;10(2):198-203.
Crossref Google Scholar
19

Filippi CG, Andrews T, Gonyea JV, et al. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging and tractography of the lower spinal cord: application to diastematomyelia and tethered cord. Eur Radiol. 2010;20(9):2194-2199.
Crossref Google Scholar
20

Sixt C, Riether F, Will BE, et al. Evaluation of quality of life parameters in patients who have syringomyelia. J Clin Neurosci. 2009;16(12):1599-1603.
Crossref Google Scholar
21

Hasz MW. Diagnostic testing for degenerative disc disease. Adv Orthop. 2012;2012:413913.
Crossref Google Scholar
22

McDonald MA, Kirsch CFE, Amin BY, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® cervical neck pain or cervical radiculopathy. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019;16(5S):S57-S76.
Crossref Google Scholar
23

Patel ND, Broderick DF, Burns J, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria low back pain. J Am Coll Radiol. 2016;13(9):1069-1078.
Crossref Google Scholar
24

Hong SH, Choi JY, Lee JW, et al. MR imaging assessment of the spine: infection or an imitation? Radiographics. 2009;29(2):599-612.
Crossref Google Scholar
25

Ozpinar A, Weiner GM, Ducruet AF. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and prognosis of spinal arteriovenous malformations. Handb Clin Neurol. 2017;143:145-152.
Crossref Google Scholar
26

Gao SJ, Zhang MW, Liu XP, et al. The clinical application studies of CT spinal angiography with 64-detector row spiral CT in diagnosing spinal vascular malformations. Eur J Radiol. 2009;71(1):22-28.
Crossref Google Scholar
27

Patchana T, Savla P, Taka TM, et al. Spinal arteriovenous malformation: case report and review of the literature. Cureus. 2020;12(11):e11614.
Crossref Google Scholar
28

Huang HY, Sharma HS, Saberi H, et al. Spinal cord injury or dysfunction quality of life rating scale (SCIDQLRS) (IANR 2022 version). J Neurorestoratol. 2022;10(3):100016.
Crossref Google Scholar
29

Rupp R, Biering-Sørensen F, Burns SP, et al. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury: revised 2019. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2021;27(2):1-22.
Crossref Google Scholar
30

Boruczkowski D, Zdolińska-Malinowska I. A retrospective analysis of safety and efficacy of wharton's jelly stem cell administration in children with spina bifida. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2019;15(5):717-729.
Crossref Google Scholar
31

Liem NT, Chinh VD, Thinh NT, et al. Improved bowel function in patients with spina Bifida after bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell transplantation: a report of 2 cases. Am J Case Rep. 2018;19:1010-1018.
Crossref Google Scholar
32

Ahn H, Lee SY, Jung WJ, et al. Treatment of syringomyelia using uncultured umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: a case report and review of literature. World J Stem Cell. 2022;14(4):303-309.
Crossref Google Scholar
33

Vaquero J, Zurita M, Rico MA, et al. Cell therapy with autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in post-traumatic syringomyelia. Cytotherapy. 2018;20(6):796-805.
Crossref Google Scholar
34

Sakuma T, Yamazaki M, Okawa A, et al. Neuroprotective therapy using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for patients with worsening symptoms of compression myelopathy, Part 1: a phase Ⅰ and Ⅱa clinical trial. Eur Spine J. 2012;21(3):482-489.
Crossref Google Scholar
35

Sakuma T, Yamazaki M, Okawa A, et al. Neuroprotective therapy using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for patients with worsening symptoms of thoracic myelopathy: a multicenter prospective controlled trial. Spine. 2012;37(17):1475-1478.
Crossref Google Scholar
36

Kato K, Yamazaki M, Okawa A, et al. Intravenous administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for treating neuropathic pain associated with compression myelopathy: a phase Ⅰ and Ⅱa clinical trial. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(1):197-204.
Crossref Google Scholar
37

Pettine K, Suzuki R, Sand T, et al. Treatment of discogenic back pain with autologous bone marrow concentrate injection with minimum two year follow-up. Int Orthop. 2016;40(1):135-140.
Crossref Google Scholar
38

Pettine KA, Suzuki RK, Sand TT, et al. Autologous bone marrow concentrate intradiscal injection for the treatment of degenerative disc disease with three-year follow-up. Int Orthop. 2017;41(10):2097-2103.
Crossref Google Scholar
39

Kumar H, Ha DH, Lee EJ, et al. Safety and tolerability of intradiscal implantation of combined autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and hyaluronic acid in patients with chronic discogenic low back pain: 1-year follow-up of a phase Ⅰ study. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8(1):262.
Crossref Google Scholar
40

Amirdelfan K, Bae H, McJunkin T, et al. Allogeneic mesenchymal precursor cells treatment for chronic low back pain associated with degenerative disc disease: a prospective randomized, placebo-controlled 36-month study of safety and efficacy. Spine J. 2021;21(2):212-230.
Crossref Google Scholar
41

Siepe CJ, Heider F, Wiechert K, et al. Mid- to long-term results of total lumbar disc replacement: a prospective analysis with 5- to 10-year follow-up. Spine J. 2014;14(8):1417-1431.
Crossref Google Scholar
42

Furunes H, Storheim K, Brox JI, et al. Total disc replacement versus multidisciplinary rehabilitation in patients with chronic low back pain and degenerative discs: 8-year follow-up of a randomized controlled multicenter trial. Spine J. 2017;17(10):1480-1488.
Crossref Google Scholar
43

Furunes H, Hellum C, Brox JI, et al. Lumbar total disc replacement: predictors for long-term outcome. Eur Spine J. 2018;27(3):709-718.
Crossref Google Scholar
44

Atluri S, Murphy MB, Dragella R, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of chronic low back pain due to severe lumbar spinal degeneration: a 12-month, open-label, prospective controlled trial. Pain Physician. 2022;25(2):193-207.
Google Scholar
45

Shaikh H, Bakalov V, Shaikh S, et al. Coincident remission of ankylosing spondylitis after autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2021;27(1):232-234.
Crossref Google Scholar
46

Huang HY, Chen L, Xi HT, et al. Olfactory ensheathing cells transplantation for central nervous system diseases in 1,255 patients. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2009;23(1):14-20.
Google Scholar
47

Peng FH, Qiu W, Li J, et al. A preliminary result of treatment of neuromyelitis optica with autologous peripheral hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Neurol. 2010;16(6):375-378.
Crossref Google Scholar
48

Greco R, Bondanza A, Oliveira MC, et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in neuromyelitis optica: a registry study of the EBMT Autoimmune Diseases Working Party. Mult Scler. 2015;21(2):189-197.
Crossref Google Scholar
49

Aouad P, Li J, Arthur C, et al. Resolution of aquaporin-4 antibodies in a woman with neuromyelitis optica treated with human autologous stem cell transplant. J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22(7):1215-1217.
Crossref Google Scholar
50

Burt RK, Balabanov R, Han XQ, et al. Autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2019;93(18):e1732-e1741.
Crossref Google Scholar
51

Khan TR, Zimmern V, Aquino V, et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a pediatric patient with aquaporin-4 neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;50:102852.
Crossref Google Scholar
52

Burton JM, Duggan P, Costello F, et al. A pilot trial of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant in neuromyelitis optic spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;53:102990.
Crossref Google Scholar
53

Kajbafzadeh AM, Sharifi-Rad L, Baradaran N, et al. Effect of pelvic floor interferential electrostimulation on urodynamic parameters and incontinency of children with myelomeningocele and detrusor overactivity. Urology. 2009;74(2):324-329.
Crossref Google Scholar
54

Choi EK, Hong CH, Kim MJ, et al. Effects of intravesical electrical stimulation therapy on urodynamic patterns for children with spina bifida: a 10-year experience. J Pediatr Urol. 2013;9(6 Pt A):798-803.
Crossref Google Scholar
55

Chen GQ, Liao LM, Deng H. The effect of sacral neuromodulation in ambulatory spina Bifida patients with neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction. Urology. 2021;153:345-350.
Crossref Google Scholar
56

Chen GQ, Wang YM, Ying XQ, et al. Effectiveness and safety of sacral neuromodulation on neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction in patients with spina bifida. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2021;35(11):1374-1379.
Google Scholar
57

Dekopov AV, Tomskiy AA, Isagulyan ED, et al. Chronic sacral neuromodulation for pelvic floor dysfunction in children with spina bifida. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko. 2022;86(1):48-55.
Crossref Google Scholar
58

Milivojevic S, Milic N, Lazovic JM, et al. The influence of bowel management on urodynamic findings in spina bifida children with detrusor overactivity and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. J Pediatr Urol. 2020;16(5):556. e1-556556.e7.
Crossref Google Scholar
59

Radojicic Z, Milivojevic S, Milic N, et al. Impact of bowel management in alleviating symptoms of urinary incontinence in patients with spina bifida associated with overactive bladder and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. BJU Int. 2019;123(1):118-123.
Crossref Google Scholar
60

Rensing AJ, Szymanski KM, Dunn S, et al. Sacral nerve stimulator success after filum section for refractory dysfunctional voiding. J Pediatr Urol. 2021;17(6):794. e1-794794.e5.
Crossref Google Scholar
61

Knotkova H, Portenoy RK, Cruciani RA. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) relieved itching in a patient with chronic neuropathic pain. Clin J Pain. 2013;29(7):621-622.
Crossref Google Scholar
62

Antal A, Terney D, Kühnl S, et al. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex ameliorates chronic pain and reduces short intracortical inhibition. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2010;39(5):890-903.
Crossref Google Scholar
63

O'Connell NE, Cossar J, Marston L, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex in the treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized, double-blind exploratory study. Clin J Pain. 2013;29(1):26-34.
Crossref Google Scholar
64

Barolat G, Myklebust JB, Wenninger W. Effects of spinal cord stimulation on spasticity and spasms secondary to myelopathy. Appl Neurophysiol. 1988;51(1):29-44.
Crossref Google Scholar
65

Hamm-Faber TE, Aukes H, van Gorp EJ, et al. Subcutaneous stimulation as an additional therapy to spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of low back pain and leg pain in failed back surgery syndrome: four-year follow-up. Neuromodulation. 2015;18(7):618-622.
Crossref Google Scholar
66

Hamm-Faber TE, Gültuna I, van Gorp EJ, et al. High-dose spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic low back pain and leg pain in patients with FBSS, 12-month results: a prospective pilot study. Neuromodulation. 2020;23(1):118-125.
Crossref Google Scholar
67

Nissen M, Ikäheimo TM, Huttunen J, et al. Long-term outcome of spinal cord stimulation in failed back surgery syndrome: 20 years of experience with 224 consecutive patients. Neurosurgery. 2019;84(5):1011-1018.
Crossref Google Scholar
68

Labaran L, Jain N, Puvanesarajah V, et al. A retrospective database review of the indications, complications, and incidence of subsequent spine surgery in 12,297 spinal cord Stimulator patients. Neuromodulation. 2020;23(5):634-638.
Crossref Google Scholar
69

Pastor D. Use of electrical stimulation and exercise to increase muscle strength in a patient after surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Physiother Theory Pract. 2010;26(2):134-142.
Crossref Google Scholar
70

Popovic MR, Zivanovic V, Valiante TA. Restoration of upper limb function in an individual with cervical spondylotic myelopathy using functional electrical stimulation therapy: a case study. Front Neurol. 2016;7:81.
Crossref Google Scholar
71

Martinez Villegas HX, Hallo A, Cruz-Loor S, et al. Spinal cord stimulator for neuropathic pain in a patient with severe disability due to transverse myelitis. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(5):e242522.
Crossref Google Scholar
72

Reddy R, Prasad R, Rejai S, et al. Relief of neuropathic pain after spinal cord Stimulator implantation in a patient with idiopathic thoracic transverse myelitis: a case report. In Pract. 2019;13(11):409-412.
Crossref Google Scholar
73

Hamid B, Haider N. Spinal cord stimulator relieves neuropathic pain in a patient with radiation-induced transverse myelitis. Pain Pract. 2007;7(4):345-347.
Crossref Google Scholar
74

Laffey JG, Murphy D, Regan J, et al. Efficacy of spinal cord stimulation for neuropathic pain following idiopathic acute transverse myelitis: a case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1999;101(2):125-127.
Crossref Google Scholar
75

Lee C, Cho JH, Yang HJ, et al. Spinal cord stimulation for neuropathic pain following idiopathic transverse myelitis: a case report. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2009;56(3):358-361.
Crossref Google Scholar
76

McGeoch PD, Ramachandran VS. Vestibular stimulation can relieve central pain of spinal origin. Spinal Cord. 2008;46(11):756-757.
Crossref Google Scholar
77

Klingler D, Kepplinger B, Gerstenbrand F, et al. Epidural spinal electrostimulation (ESES) in patients with chronic pain and central motor disturbances (author's transl) (in German). Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1981;93(22):688-695.
Google Scholar
78

Lee JM, Lee D, Christiansen S, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in special populations: best practices from the American society of pain and neuroscience to improve safety and efficacy. J Pain Res. 2022;15:3263-3273.
Crossref Google Scholar
79

Yang TF, Lee SS, Lin PH, et al. Effect of selective posterior rhizotomy on transverse myelitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81(6):467-468.
Crossref Google Scholar
80

Mazarakis NK, Ughratdar I, Vloeberghs MH. Excellent functional outcome following selective dorsal rhizotomy in a child with spasticity secondary to transverse myelitis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2015;31(11):2189-2191.
Crossref Google Scholar
81

Xiao CG, Du MX, Li B, et al. An artificial somatic-autonomic reflex pathway procedure for bladder control in children with spina bifida. J Urol. 2005;173(6):2112-2116.
Crossref Google Scholar
82

Tuite GF, Homsy Y, Polsky EG, et al. Urological outcome of the Xiao procedure in children with myelomeningocele and lipomyelomeningocele undergoing spinal cord detethering. J Urol. 2016;196(6):1735-1740.
Crossref Google Scholar
83

Tuite GF, Polsky EG, Homsy Y, et al. Lack of efficacy of an intradural somatic-to-autonomic nerve anastomosis (Xiao procedure) for bladder control in children with myelomeningocele and lipomyelomeningocele: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2016;18(2):150-163.
Crossref Google Scholar
84

Fehlings MG, Badhiwala JH, Ahn H, et al. Safety and efficacy of riluzole in patients undergoing decompressive surgery for degenerative cervical myelopathy (CSM-Protect): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(2):98-106.
Crossref Google Scholar
Journal of Neurorestoratology
Volume 11 Issue 3,
September 2023
Article number: 100070
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnrt.2023.100070
Cite this article:
Guo X, Hu J, Feng S, et al. Clinical neurorestorative treatment guidelines for neurological dysfunctions of sequels from vertebral and spinal cord lesions (CANR 2023 version). Journal of Neurorestoratology, 2023, 11(3): 100070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnrt.2023.100070

843

Views

5

Crossref

6

Web of Science

6

Scopus

Altmetrics
Received: 09 June 2023
Accepted: 05 July 2023
Published: 26 July 2023
© 2023 The Authors.

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Return