Excellent energy storage performance of niobate-based glass-ceramics via introduction of nucleating agent

For glass-ceramics, how to realize the collaborative optimization of BDS and permittivity is the key to improve the energy storage density. In this work, ZrO₂ is introduced into BPKNAS glass-ceramics as nucleating agent to promote crystal development of glass-ceramics and then achieve high permittivity. When 1.5 mol% ZrO₂ is added, the glass-ceramics have the highest permittivity (~128.59) and meanwhile possess high BDS (1948.90 kV/cm) due to the dense microstructure. Therefore, BPKNAS-1.5ZrO₂ glass-ceramics has the highest theoretical energy storage density (21.62 J/cm³). Moreover, the permittivity variation of BPKNAS-1.5ZrO₂ glass-ceramics is less than 6 % in the wide temperature range from −80 to 300 ℃, showing excellent temperature stability. In addition, BPKNAS-1.5ZrO₂ glass-ceramics possesses ultrahigh power density, which reaches up to 382.40 MW/cm³ in overdamped circuit. The above evidence shows that BPKNAS-1.5ZrO₂ glass-ceramics with ultrahigh energy storage density and power density is very competitive in the field of energy storage applications.