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Food Science and Human Wellness 2022, 11(4): 965-974 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2022.03.020
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 28 April 2022

The protective effects of Procyanidin C-1 on bisphenol a-induced testicular dysfunction in aged mice

Show Author's Information Mastura Abd Maleka,  Razif Dasimana,b( ),  Nor-Ashikin Mohamed Noor Khana,  Sofee Mohamed-Akhlakb,  Mohd-Hafizi Mahmudb
Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group (MatE), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

Peer review under responsibility of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.

Keywords:
Apoptosis, Bisphenol A, Procyanidin, Mitochondrial dynamics, Testis
Cite this article:
Malek MA, Dasiman R, Mohamed Noor Khan N-A, et al. The protective effects of Procyanidin C-1 on bisphenol a-induced testicular dysfunction in aged mice. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2022, 11(4): 965-974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2022.03.020
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Abstract Full text About this article

The number and quality of sperm are decreased due to bisphenol A (BPA) exposure, an endocrine-disrupting chemical on the male reproductive system, especially in advanced paternal age (APA). Procyanidin C-1 (PCY-1), an antioxidant from grape seed (Vitis vinifera L.), has demonstrated anti-viral, anti-melanogenic and immunostimulatory effects. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effects of PCY-1 intervention on sperm parameters, testis morphological changes, serum testosterone, oestradiol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations and the expression of apoptotic (Bax and Bcl-2) and mitochondria-related (Mfn1 and Opa1) genes in BPA-exposed aged mice. Results revealed that PCY-1 intervention improves aged male fertility in BPA-exposed conditions by decreasing abnormal sperms percentage and increasing spermatogenic cell diameter and epithelial height. PCY-1 also decreased oestradiol, and increased LH and testosterone levels. The gene expression of Bax was significantly down-regulated by PCY-1 intervention. In contrast, Bcl-2 was substantially up-regulated. Expression of Mfn1 and Opa1 genes were also significantly up-regulated in the PCY intervention group. Hence, it is demonstrated that PCY-1 was able to mitigate the adverse effects of BPA on reproductive parameters of aged mice. Collectively, we postulated that PCY-1 has a potential role in protecting the ageing male reproductive system against the damaging impacts of BPA.


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About this article

The protective effects of Procyanidin C-1 on bisphenol a-induced testicular dysfunction in aged mice

Show Author's information Mastura Abd Maleka, Razif Dasimana,b( ), Nor-Ashikin Mohamed Noor Khana, Sofee Mohamed-Akhlakb, Mohd-Hafizi Mahmudb
Maternofetal and Embryo Research Group (MatE), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

Peer review under responsibility of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.

Abstract

The number and quality of sperm are decreased due to bisphenol A (BPA) exposure, an endocrine-disrupting chemical on the male reproductive system, especially in advanced paternal age (APA). Procyanidin C-1 (PCY-1), an antioxidant from grape seed (Vitis vinifera L.), has demonstrated anti-viral, anti-melanogenic and immunostimulatory effects. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effects of PCY-1 intervention on sperm parameters, testis morphological changes, serum testosterone, oestradiol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations and the expression of apoptotic (Bax and Bcl-2) and mitochondria-related (Mfn1 and Opa1) genes in BPA-exposed aged mice. Results revealed that PCY-1 intervention improves aged male fertility in BPA-exposed conditions by decreasing abnormal sperms percentage and increasing spermatogenic cell diameter and epithelial height. PCY-1 also decreased oestradiol, and increased LH and testosterone levels. The gene expression of Bax was significantly down-regulated by PCY-1 intervention. In contrast, Bcl-2 was substantially up-regulated. Expression of Mfn1 and Opa1 genes were also significantly up-regulated in the PCY intervention group. Hence, it is demonstrated that PCY-1 was able to mitigate the adverse effects of BPA on reproductive parameters of aged mice. Collectively, we postulated that PCY-1 has a potential role in protecting the ageing male reproductive system against the damaging impacts of BPA.

Keywords: Apoptosis, Bisphenol A, Procyanidin, Mitochondrial dynamics, Testis

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Publication history

Received: 30 September 2020
Revised: 07 December 2020
Accepted: 25 February 2021
Published: 28 April 2022
Issue date: July 2022

Copyright

© 2022 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This research was supported financially by Universiti Teknologi MARA grants (600-IRMI/DANA KCM 5/3/LESTARI–224/2017), (600-IRMI/MyRA 5/3/GIP-030/2017) and Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) grant (600-IRMI/RAGS 5/3-72/2015).

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This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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