Journal Home > Volume 2 , Issue 3-4
Food Science and Human Wellness 2013, 2(3-4): 146-161 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2013.08.002
Review Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 07 September 2013

Consumption of soybean, soy foods, soy isoflavones and breast cancer incidence: Differences between Chinese women and women in Western countries and possible mechanisms

Show Author's Information Fen-Jin Hea,  Jin-Qiang Chenb,c( )
Nature Soy, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA
Science Writing Solutions, USA
Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA

Peer review under responsibility of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.

Keywords:
Soybean, Genistein, Breast cancer incidence, Soy foods, Soy isoflavones
Cite this article:
He F-J, Chen J-Q. Consumption of soybean, soy foods, soy isoflavones and breast cancer incidence: Differences between Chinese women and women in Western countries and possible mechanisms. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2013, 2(3-4): 146-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2013.08.002
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

628

Views

5

Downloads

Citations

172

Crossref

N/A

WoS

189

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Breast cancer is one of the most lethal diseases world-wide. However, there is a large difference in breast cancer incidence among Caucasian, Hispanic, African and Asian (e.g. Chinese) women with Caucasian women being the highest and Asian women being the lowest. It has been suggested that the dietary factors may account for approximately 50% of the breast cancer. One of such dietary components which are typical to Asian but not Caucasian diet is soy foods. A number of epidemiological studies have suggested that increasing soy consumption could be related to the decreased risk of occurrence and/or mortality of breast cancer. In this review, we first described briefly different types of soy products and their nutritional functions and consumption. Then, we described briefly soybean isoflavones, i.e. genistein (GEN), daidzein, glycitein, and presented several lines of evidence to demonstrate the possible association of soy flavone food consumption with incidence and prognosis of breast cancer; finally, we summarized several possible molecular mechanisms, including the effects of GEN as an agonist of ERβ, epigenetic and genome-wide effects, activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, induction of apoptosis and stimulation of autophagy, involved in the chemo-preventive effects of GEN on breast cancer.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Consumption of soybean, soy foods, soy isoflavones and breast cancer incidence: Differences between Chinese women and women in Western countries and possible mechanisms

Show Author's information Fen-Jin Hea, Jin-Qiang Chenb,c( )
Nature Soy, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA
Science Writing Solutions, USA
Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA

Peer review under responsibility of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.

Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the most lethal diseases world-wide. However, there is a large difference in breast cancer incidence among Caucasian, Hispanic, African and Asian (e.g. Chinese) women with Caucasian women being the highest and Asian women being the lowest. It has been suggested that the dietary factors may account for approximately 50% of the breast cancer. One of such dietary components which are typical to Asian but not Caucasian diet is soy foods. A number of epidemiological studies have suggested that increasing soy consumption could be related to the decreased risk of occurrence and/or mortality of breast cancer. In this review, we first described briefly different types of soy products and their nutritional functions and consumption. Then, we described briefly soybean isoflavones, i.e. genistein (GEN), daidzein, glycitein, and presented several lines of evidence to demonstrate the possible association of soy flavone food consumption with incidence and prognosis of breast cancer; finally, we summarized several possible molecular mechanisms, including the effects of GEN as an agonist of ERβ, epigenetic and genome-wide effects, activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, induction of apoptosis and stimulation of autophagy, involved in the chemo-preventive effects of GEN on breast cancer.

Keywords: Soybean, Genistein, Breast cancer incidence, Soy foods, Soy isoflavones

References(121)

[1]

R.G. Ziegler, W.F. Anderson, M.H. Gail, Increasing breast cancer incidence in China: the numbers add up, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 100 (19) (2008) 1339–1341.
DOI Google Scholar
[2]

M.A. Murtaugh, C. Sweeney, A.R. Giuliano, et al., Diet patterns and breast cancer risk in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women: the Four-Corners Breast Cancer Study, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87 (4) (2008) 978–984.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]

C.S. Perry, J. Otero, J.L. Palmer, et al., Risk factors for breast cancer in East Asian women relative to women in the West, Asia-Pacific J. Clin. Oncol. 5 (4) (2009) 219–231.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]
L.J. Qiu, R.Z. Chang, The origin and history of soybean, in: G. Singh (Ed.), The soybean: botany, production and uses, CABI Publishing, Oxford, UK, 2010.
[5]

Y. Li, R. Guan, Z. Liu, et al., Genetic structure and diversity of cultivated soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) landraces in China, Theor. Appl. Genet. 117 (2008) 857–871.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]
Soybean history at a glance, Illinois Soybean Association, 2013 www.ilsoy.org
[7]
World Agricultural Production, Circular Series WAP 12-12, United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012.
[8]
J.H. Orf, Selecting Soybean varieties for composition, Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, 2013.
[9]
National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 25, National Agricultural Library, USDA Agricultural Service, 2013.
[10]
2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, U.S. Department of Agriculture & U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, December 2010.
[11]

R.C. Zambiazi, R. Przybylsk, M.W. Zambiazi, et al., Fatty acid composition of vegetable oils and fats, B. CEPPA, Curitiba 25 (1) (2007) 111–120.
DOI Google Scholar
[12]

J.R. Hoffman, M.J. Falvo, Protein – which is best? J. Sports Sci. Med. 3 (2004) 118–130.
Google Scholar
[13]
Dietary Protein Quality Evaluation in Human Nutrition – Report of an FAO Expert Consultation. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 92, 2013, ISSN 0254-4725.
[14]

J.W. Anderson, B.M. Johnstone, M.E. Cook-Newell, Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids, N. Engl. J. Med. 333 (1995) 276–282.
DOI Google Scholar
[15]

, T. Morgan, T.G. Terry, et al., A randomized trial comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins, Arch. Intern. Med. 159 (17) (1999) 2070–2076.
DOI Google Scholar
[16]

C.R. Sitori, E. Gianazza, C. Manzoni, et al., Role of isoflavones in the cholesterol reduction of soy proteins in the clinic. Letter to the editor, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65 (1997) 166–167.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]
Food and Drug Administration, Food labeling: health claims; Soy protein and coronary heart disease. Federal Register/Rules and Regulations, vol. 64 (64), October 26, 1999.
[18]

K.B. Hermansen, L.H. Dinesen, E. Hoie, et al., Effects of soy and other natural products on LDL:HDL ratio and other lipid parameters: a literature review, Adv. Ther. 20 (1) (2003) 50–78.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]

F.M. Sacks, A. Lichtenstein, L. Van Horn, et al., Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: an American Heart Association Science Advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee, Circulation 113 (7) (2006) 1034–1044.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]

D. Webb, Shedding light on soy, Today’s Dietitian 12 (11) (2010) 28.
Google Scholar
[21]
“Sales and Trends” from Soyfoods Association of North America, 2013, http://www.soyfoods.org/soy-information/sales-and-trends
[22]
18th Annual Consumer Attitudes about Nutrition –Insights into Nutrition, Health and Soyfoods, 2011 edition, United Soybean Board, 2013.
[23]
USDA Approves Soy Products for Full Use in School LunchPrograms Effective, April 2013, http://www.grainnet.com/articles/usda_approves_soy_products_for_ull_use_in_school_lunch_programs_effective_april_10-6351.html
[24]

K. Lazor, N. Chapman, E. Levine, Soy goes to school: acceptance of healthful, vegetarian options in Maryland middle school lunches, J. Sch. Helath 80 (4) (2010) 200–206.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]
Crediting Tofu and Soy Yogurt Products. A memorandum issued by USDA Child Nutrition Division, 2012.
[26]
M. Messina, J.W. Erdman, Jr. (Guest Editors), in: First International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease, Proceedings from a Symposium Held in Mesa, Arizona on February 20–23, 1994, J. Nutr. Suppl., 1995.
[27]
M. Messina, S. Watanabe, K.D.R. Setchell, in: Report on the 8th International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment, J. Nutr. (Suppl.) (2009) 796S–802S.
DOI
[28]
Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade. Circular Series FOP 045-13, Foreign Agricultural Service, United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013.
[29]
Soybean Oil and Biodiesel Usage Projections and Balance Sheet, Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, 2013, http://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/crops/outlook/biodieselbalancesheet.pdf (updated 14-05-2013).
[30]
Soybean Meal Infocenter, 2013, http://www.soymeal.org/composition.html
[31]

G.L. Growmwell, Soybean meal – the “Gold Standard”, The Farmer’s Pride, KPPA News 11 (20) (1999).
Google Scholar
[32]
W. Shurtleff, A. Aoyagi, History of soymilk and dairy-like soymilk products, in: a chapter from History of Soybeans and Soyfoods: 1100 B.C. to the 1980s, 2007 (an unpublished manuscript). http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/soymilk1.php
[33]

K. Shigeki, M. Yabusaki, T. Kaga, et al., Identification of two major ammonia-releasing reactions involved in secondary natto fermentation, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 72 (7) (2008) 1869–1976.
DOI Google Scholar
[34]
W. Shurtleff, A. Aoyagi, History of tempeh, Soyfoods Center, Lafayette, 1985.
[35]

I.T.H. Liem, K.H. Steinkraus, T.C. Cronk, Production of vitamin B-12 in tempeh, a fermented soybean food, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (1977) 773–776.
DOI Google Scholar
[36]

W. Shurtleff, A. Aoyagi, The Book of miso (savory soy seasoning), 2nd edition, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, 2010.
[37]

W. Shurtleff, A. Aoyagi, History of soy sauce, Soyinfo Center, California, 2012.
[38]

S. Sugiyama, Selection of micro-organisms for use in the fermentation of soy sauce, Food Microbiol. 1 (1984) 339–347.
DOI Google Scholar
[39]
Soy Protein Isolate, Soyfoods Association of North America, 2013, http://www.soyfoods.org
[40]
K. Galeaz, Soy cheese, an article on Soyfoods.com, 2013, http://www.soyfoods.com/soyfoodsdescriptions/soycheese.html
[41]

A. Jefferson, Dietary phytoestrogens – a role in womens health, Nutr. Food Sci. 33 (1) (2003) 16–22.
DOI Google Scholar
[42]

M.M. Liu, Y. Huang, J. Wang, Developing phytoestrogens for breast cancer prevention, Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 12 (10) (2012) 1306–1313.
DOI Google Scholar
[43]

P.B. Kaufman, J.A. Duke, H. Brielmann, et al., A comparative survey of leguminous plants as sources of the isoflavones, genistein and daidzein: implications for human nutrition and health, J. Altern. Complement. Med. 3 (1) (1997) 7–12.
DOI Google Scholar
[44]

P.A. Murphy, T. Song, G. Buseman, Isoflavones in retail and institutional soy foods, J. Agric. Food Chem. 47 (7) (1999) 2697–2704.
DOI Google Scholar
[45]

H.J. Wang, P.A. Murphy, Isoflavone content in commercial soybean foods, J. Agric. Food Chem. 42 (8) (1994) 1666–1673.
DOI Google Scholar
[46]

J.J. Kim, S.H. Kim, S.J. Hahn, et al., Changing soybean isoflavone composition and concentrations under two different storage conditions over three years, Food Res. Int. 38 (4) (2005) 435–444.
DOI Google Scholar
[47]

P. Seguin, W. Zheng, D.L. Smith, et al., Isoflavone content of soybean cultivars grown in eastern Canada, J. Sci. Food Agric. 84 (11) (2004) 1327–1332.
DOI Google Scholar
[48]

E. Sertovic, I. Mujic, S. Jokic, et al., Effect of soybean cultivars on the content of isoflavones in soymilk Romanian, Biotechnol. Lett. 17 (2) (2012) 7151–7159.
Google Scholar
[49]
S. Bhagwat, D.B. Haytowitz, J.M. Holden, USDA Database for the isoflavone content of selected foods, Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bettsville, MD, USA, 2008, pp. 25–30.
[50]

B. Winkel-Shirley, Flavonoid biosynthesis. A colorful model for genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, and biotechnology, Plant Physiol. 126 (2) (2001) 485–493.
DOI Google Scholar
[51]
M. Rossi, A. Amaretti, L. Roncaglia, et al., Dietary isoflavones and intestinal microbiota: metabolism and transformation into bioactive compounds, in: M.J. Thompson (Ed.), Isoflavones: bosynthesis, Occurrence and Health Effects, Nova Publisher, New York, 2010, pp. 137–161.
[52]
J. Boik, Dietary non-nutrient factors and their effects on cancer, in: cancer and naturalmedicine: A Textbook of Basic Science and Clinical Research, Oregon Medical Press, Princeton, 1996.
[53]

T.M. Badger, J.M. Gilchrist, R.T. Pivik, et al., The health implications of soy infant formula, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89 (2009) 1668S-1672S.
DOI Google Scholar
[54]

J.P. Yuan, J.H. Wang, X. Liu, Metabolism of dietary soy isoflavones to equol by human intestinal microflora – implications for health, Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 51 (7) (2007) 765–781.
DOI Google Scholar
[55]

K.B. Song, C. Atkinson, C.L. Frankenfeld, et al., Prevalence of daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes differs between Caucasian and Korean American women and girls, J. Nutr. 136 (5) (2006) 1347–1351.
DOI Google Scholar
[56]

D.R. Youlden, S.M. Cramb, N.A. Dunn, et al., The descriptive epidemiology of female breast cancer: an international comparison of screening, incidence, survival and mortality, Cancer Epidemiol. 36 (3) (2012) 237–248.
DOI Google Scholar
[57]

B. Kerrie, J. Hilakivi-Clarke, Genistein: does it prevent or promote breast cancer? Environ. Health Perspect. 108 (8) (2000) 701–708.
DOI Google Scholar
[58]

A.H. Wu, R.G. Ziegler, P.L. Horn-Ross, et al., Tofu and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 5 (11) (1996) 901–906.
Google Scholar
[59]

H. Furberg, R. Millikan, L. Dressler, et al., Tumor characteristics in African American and White women, Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 68 (1) (2001) 33–43.
DOI Google Scholar
[60]

L.P. Middleton, V. Chen, G.H. Perkins, et al., Histopathology of breast cancer among African-American women, Cancer 97 (1) (2003) 253–257.
DOI Google Scholar
[61]

L.A. Newman, S. Bunner, K. Carolin, et al., Ethnicity related differences in the survival of young breast carcinoma patients, Cancer 95 (1) (2002) 21–27.
DOI Google Scholar
[62]

W.Q. Chen, R.S. Zheng, H.M. Zeng, et al., Incidence and mortality of breast cancer in China, 2008, Thoracic Cancer 4 (1) (2013) 59–65.
DOI Google Scholar
[63]

E. Linos, D. Spanos, B.A. Rosner, et al., Effects of reproductive and demographic changes on breast cancer incidence in China: a modeling analysis, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 100 (19) (2008) 1352–1360.
DOI Google Scholar
[64]

H.R. Shin, C. Joubert, M. Boniol, et al., Recent trends and patterns in breast cancer incidence among Eastern and Southeastern Asian women, Cancer Causes Control 21 (11) (2010) 1777–1785.
DOI Google Scholar
[65]

B.R. Goldin, H. Adlercreutz, S.L. Gorbach, et al., The relationship between estrogen levels and diets of Caucasian American and Oriental immigrant women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 44 (6) (1986) 945–953.
DOI Google Scholar
[66]

S.P. Pinheiro, M.D. Holmes, M.N. Pollak, et al., Racial differences in premenopausal endogenous hormones, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14 (2005) 2147–2153.
DOI Google Scholar
[67]

J.D. Yager, N.E. Davidson, Estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer, N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (3) (2006) 270–282.
DOI Google Scholar
[68]

L.Q. Qin, J.Y. Xu, P.Y. Wang, et al., Soyfood intake in the prevention of breast cancer risk in women: a meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 52 (2006) 428–436.
DOI Google Scholar
[69]

N. Guha, M. Kwan, C. Quesenberry, et al., Soy isoflavones and risk of cancer recurrence in a cohort of breast cancer survivors: the life after cancer epidemiology study, Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 118 (2) (2009) 395–405.
DOI Google Scholar
[70]

X.O. Shu, Y. Zheng, H. Cai, et al., Soy food intake and breast cancer survival, JAMA 302 (22) (2009) 2437–2443.
DOI Google Scholar
[71]

X. Kang, Q. Zhang, S. Wang, et al., Effect of soy isoflavones on breast cancer recurrence and death for patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 182 (17) (2010) 1857–1862.
DOI Google Scholar
[72]

C. Zhang, S.C. Ho, F. Lin, et al., Soy product and isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk defined by hormone receptor status, Cancer Sci. 101 (2) (2010) 501–507.
DOI Google Scholar
[73]

Y.Y. Zhu, L. Zhou, S.C. Jiao, et al., Relationship between soy food intake and breast cancer in China, Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 12 (2011) 2837–2840.
Google Scholar
[74]

H.B. Kang, Y.E. Zhang, J.D. Yang, et al., Study on soy isoflavone consumption and risk of breast cancer and survival, Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 13 (2012) 995–998.
DOI Google Scholar
[75]

Y.E. Zhang, H.B. Kang, B.L. Li, et al., Positive effects of soy isoflavone food on survival of breast cancer patients in China, Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 13 (2012) 479–482.
DOI Google Scholar
[76]

J.Y. Dong, L.Q. Qin, Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: a meta-analysis of prospective studies, Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 125 (2) (2011) 315–323.
DOI Google Scholar
[77]

S.J. Nechuta, B.J. Caan, W.Y. Chen, et al., Soy food intake after diagnosis of breast cancer and survival: an in-depth analysis of combined evidence from cohort studies of US and Chinese women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 96 (1) (2012) 123–132.
DOI Google Scholar
[78]

P.J. Magee, I. Rowland, Soy products in the management of breast cancer, Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 15 (6) (2012) 586–591.
DOI Google Scholar
[79]

G.G. Kuiper, J.G. Lemmen, B. Carlsson, et al., Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta, Endocrinology 139 (10) (1998) 4252–4263.
DOI Google Scholar
[80]

Y.H. Ju, K.F. Allred, C.D. Allred, et al., Genistein stimulates growth of human breast cancer cells in a novel, postmenopausal animal model, with low plasma estradiol concentrations, Carcinogenesis 27 (6) (2006) 1292–1299.
DOI Google Scholar
[81]

W.F. Chen, M.S. Wong, Genistein enhances insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway in human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (5) (2004) 2351–2359.
DOI Google Scholar
[82]

X. Yang, S. Yang, C. McKimmey, et al., Genistein induces enhanced growth promotion in ER-positive/erbB-2-overexpressing breast cancers by ER-erbB-2 cross talk and p27/kip1 downregulation, Carcinogenesis 31 (4) (2010) 695–702.
DOI Google Scholar
[83]

W.G. Helferich, J.E. Andrade, M.S. Hoagland, Phytoestrogens and breast cancer: a complex story, Inflammopharmacology 16 (5) (2008) 219–226.
DOI Google Scholar
[84]

D.A. Tonetti, Y. Zhang, H. Zhao, et al., The effect of the phytoestrogens genistein, daidzein, and equol on the growth of tamoxifen-resistant T47D/PKC alpha, Nutr. Cancer 58 (2) (2007) 222–229.
DOI Google Scholar
[85]

X. Jiang, N.M. Patterson, Y. Ling, et al., Low concentrations of the soy phytoestrogen genistein induce proteinase inhibitor 9 and block killing of breast cancer cells by immune cells, Endocrinology 149 (11) (2008) 5366–5373.
DOI Google Scholar
[86]

C.E. Wood, T.C. Register, J.M. Cline, Soy isoflavonoid effects on endogenous estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal female monkeys, Carcinogenesis 28 (4) (2007) 801–808.
DOI Google Scholar
[87]

Y.K. Leung, P. Mak, S. Sazzad Hassan, et al., Estrogen receptor (ER)-β isoforms: a key to understanding ER-β signaling, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (35) (2006) 13162–13167.
DOI Google Scholar
[88]

Y.K. Leung, M.T. Lee, H.M. Lam, et al., Estrogen receptor-beta and breast cancer: translating biology into clinical practice, Steroids 77 (7) (2012) 727–737.
DOI Google Scholar
[89]

V. Cappelletti, P. Miodini, G. Di Fronzo, et al., Modulation of estrogen receptor-beta isoforms by phytoestrogens in breast cancer cells, J. Oncol. 28 (5) (2006) 1185–1191.
DOI Google Scholar
[90]

A. Bird, Perceptions of epigenetics, Nature 447 (7143) (2007) 396–398.
DOI Google Scholar
[91]

M.M. Suzuki, A. Bird, A DNA methylation landscapes: provocative insights from epigenomics, Nat. Rev. Genet. 9 (2008) 465–476.
DOI Google Scholar
[92]

Y. Li, S.M. Meeran, S.N. Patel, et al., Epigenetic reactivation of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) by genistein enhances hormonal therapy sensitivity in ERα-negative breast cancer, Mol. Cancer 4 (2013) 12–19.
DOI Google Scholar
[93]

R.W. Fürst, H. Kliem, H.H. Meyer, et al., A differentially methylated single CpG-site is correlated with estrogen receptor alpha transcription, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 130 (1/2) (2012) 96–104.
DOI Google Scholar
[94]

T. Yoshida, H. Eguchi, K. Nakachi, et al., Distinct mechanisms of loss of estrogen receptor alpha gene expression in human breast cancer: methylation of the gene and alteration of trans-acting factors, Carcinogenesis 21 (12) (2000) 2193–2201.
DOI Google Scholar
[95]

J. Wei, B. Han, X.Y. Mao, et al., Promoter methylation status and expression of estrogen receptor alpha in familial breast cancer patients, Tumour Biol. 33 (2) (2012) 413–420.
DOI Google Scholar
[96]

Y. Li, H. Chen, T.M. Hardy, et al., Epigenetic regulation of multiple tumor-related genes leads to suppression of breast tumorigenesis by dietary genistein, PLoS ONE 8 (1) (2013) e5436-e5439.
DOI Google Scholar
[97]

J. Gertz, T.E. Reddy, K.E. Varley, et al., Genistein and bisphenol A exposure cause estrogen receptor 1 to bind thousands of sites in a cell type-specific manner, Genome Res. 22 (11) (2012) 2153–2162.
DOI Google Scholar
[98]

G.P. Zhang, D. Han, G. Liu, et al., Effects of soy isoflavone and endogenous oestrogen on breast cancer in MMTV-erbB2 transgenic mice, J. Int. Med. Res. 40 (2012) 2073–2082.
DOI Google Scholar
[99]

L. Michalik, J. Auwerx, J.P. Berger, et al., International Union of Pharmacology. LXI. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, Pharmacol. Rev. 58 (4) (2006) 726–741.
DOI Google Scholar
[100]

A. Belfiore, M. Genua, R. Malaguarnera, PPAR-gamma agonists and their effects on IGF-I receptor signaling: implications for cancer, PPAR Res. (2009) 830501.
DOI Google Scholar
[101]

J. Berger, D.E. Moller, The mechanisms of action of PPARs, Annu. Rev. Med. 53 (2002) 409–435.
DOI Google Scholar
[102]

J.N. Feige, L. Gelman, L. Michalik, et al., From molecular action to physiological outputs: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are nuclear receptors at the crossroads of key cellular functions, Prog. Lipid Res. 45 (2) (2006) 120–159.
DOI Google Scholar
[103]

Z.C. Dang, V. Audinot, S. Papapoulos, et al., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g (PPARg) as a molecular target for the soy phytoestrogen genistein, J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2) (2003) 962–967.
DOI Google Scholar
[104]

Z.C. Dang, C. Löwik, Dose-dependent effects of phytoestrogens on bone: molecular mechanisms, Trends Endocrinol. Metabol. 16 (5) (2005) 207–213.
DOI Google Scholar
[105]

Z.C. Dang, Dose-dependent effects of soy phyto-oestrogen genistein on adipocytes: mechanisms of action, Obes. Rev. 10 (3) (2009) 342–349.
DOI Google Scholar
[106]

D. Green, Means to an end: apoptosis and other cell death mechanisms, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
[107]

H.Y. Shim, J.H. Park, H.D. Paik, et al., Genistein-induced apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells involves calpain-caspase and apoptosis signaling kinase 1-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation cascades, Anticancer Drugs 18 (6) (2007) 649–657.
DOI Google Scholar
[108]

P. Ferenc, P. Solár, J. Kleban, et al., Down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Akt induced by combination of photoactivated hypericin and genistein in human breast cancer cells, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 98 (1) (2010) 25–34.
DOI Google Scholar
[109]

Z. Li, J. Li, B. Mo, et al., Genistein induces cell apoptosis in MDA-MB- 231 breast cancer cells via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, Toxicol. In Vitro 22 (7) (2008) 1749–1753.
DOI Google Scholar
[110]

H. Pan, W. Zhou, W. He, et al., Genistein inhibits MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell growth by inhibiting NF-κB activity via the Notch-1 pathway, Int. J. Mol. Med. 30 (2) (2012) 337–343.
DOI Google Scholar
[111]

H. Zhu, F. Bhaijee, N. Ishaq, et al., Correlation of Notch1, pAKT and nuclear NF-κB expression in triple negative breast cancer, Am. J. Cancer Res. 3 (2013) 230–239.
DOI Google Scholar
[112]

S. Zhou, M. Kuang, B. Zhang, et al., Autophagy in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy: Dr Jekyll or Mr Hyde? Cancer Lett. 323 (2) (2012) 115–127.
DOI Google Scholar
[113]

N.Y. Lin, C. Beyer, A. Gießl, et al., Autophagy regulates TNFα-mediated joint destruction in experimental arthritis, Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72 (5) (2013) 761–768.
DOI Google Scholar
[114]

L.M. Schwartz, S.W. Smith, M.E. Jones, et al., Do all programmed cell deaths occur via apoptosis? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (3) (1993) 980–984.
DOI Google Scholar
[115]

R. Mathew, C.M. Karp, B. Beaudoin, et al., Autophagy suppresses tumorigenesis through elimination of p62, Cell 137 (2009) 1062–1075.
DOI Google Scholar
[116]

G. Gossner, M. Choi, L. Tan, et al., Genistein-induced apoptosis and autophagocytosis in ovarian cancer cells, Gynecol. Oncol. 105 (1) (2007) 23–30.
DOI Google Scholar
[117]

K. Singletary, J. Milner, Diet, autophagy, and cancer: a review, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 17 (7) (2008) 1596–1610.
DOI Google Scholar
[118]

Y. Nakamura, S. Yogosawa, Y. Izutani, et al., A combination of indol-3-carbinol and genistein synergistically induces apoptosis in human colon cancer HT-29 cells by inhibiting Akt phosphorylation and progression of autophagy, Mol. Cancer 8 (2009) 100.
DOI Google Scholar
[119]

X. Pan, X. Zhang, H. Sun, et al., Autophagy inhibition promotes 5-fluorouraci-induced apoptosis by stimulating ROS formation in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells, PLoS ONE 8 (2) (2013) e56679.
DOI Google Scholar
[120]

V. Karantza, E. White, Role of autophagy in breast cancer, Autophagy 3 (6) (2007) 610–613.
DOI Google Scholar
[121]

Y. Li, Q. Luo, L. Yuan, et al., JNK-dependent Atg4 upregulation mediates asperphenamate derivative BBP-induced autophagy in MCF-7 cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 263 (1) (2012) 21–31.
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 26 June 2013
Revised: 12 August 2013
Accepted: 20 August 2013
Published: 07 September 2013
Issue date: December 2013

Copyright

© 2013 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.

Rights and permissions

Return