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Research Article | Open Access

Tree structure and diversity shape the biomass of primary temperate mountain forests

Dheeraj Ralhana( ), Ruffy Rodrigoa,b, Heather Keithc, Annemiek Irene Stegehuisd, Jakob Pavlina, Yumei Jianga, Miloš Rydvala, Juliana Nogueiraa, Alexandre Fruleuxe, Marek Svitoka,f, Martin Mikoláša, Daniel Kozáka, Martin Dušátkoa, Pavel Jandaa, Oleh Chaskovskyg, Cătălin-Constantin Roibuh, Miroslav Svobodaa
Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 16 521 Praha 6, Czech Republic
Department of Forest Science, Biliran Province State University, Biliran, 6549, Philippines
Griffith Climate Action Beacon, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
Laboratoire de Géologie, IPSL, CNRS, UMR 8538, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France
Univ. Lille, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Artois, Junia, ULR 4515, LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
Department of Biology and General Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, Masaryka 24, 96001, Zvolen, Slovakia
Institute of Forest Management, Ukrainian National Forestry University, Lviv, Ukraine
Forest Biometrics Laboratory – Faculty of Forestry, Stefan Cel Mare University of Suceava, Universității Street Number.13, Suceava, 720229, Romania
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Abstract

Primary forests are spatially diverse terrestrial ecosystems with unique characteristics, being naturally regenerative and heterogeneous, which supports the stability of their carbon storage through the accumulation of live and dead biomass. Yet, little is known about the interactions between biomass stocks, tree genus diversity and structure across a temperate montane primary forest. Here, we investigated the relationship between tree structure (variability in basal area and tree size), genus-level diversity (abundance, tree diversity) and biomass stocks in temperate primary mountain forests across Central and Eastern Europe. We used inventory data from 726 permanent sample plots from mixed beech and spruce across the Carpathian Mountains. We used nonlinear regression to analyse the spatial variability in forest biomass, structure, and genus-level diversity and how they interact with plot-level tree age, disturbances, temperature and altitude. We found that the combined effects of genus and structural indices were important for addressing the variability in biomass across different spatial scales. Local processes in disturbance regimes and uneven tree age support forest heterogeneity and the accumulation of live and dead biomass through the natural regeneration, growth and decay of the forest ecosystem. Structural complexities in basal area index, supported by genus-level abundance, positively influence total biomass stocks, which was modulated by tree age and disturbances. Spruce forests showed higher tree density and basal area than mixed beech forests, though mixed beech still contributes significantly to biomass across landscapes. Forest heterogeneity was strongly influenced by complexities in forest composition (tree genus diversity, structure). We addressed the importance of primary forests as stable carbon stores, achieved through structure and diversity. Safeguarding such ecosystems is critical for ensuring the stability of the primary forest, carbon store and biodiversity into the future.

Keywords

Biodiversity indicatorsBiomass carbon stockEcosystem functioningForest compositionPrimary forest structureTree size distribution

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Forest Ecosystems
Volume 11 Issue 4,
August 2024
Article number: 100215
DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2024.100215
Cite this article:
Ralhan D, Rodrigo R, Keith H, et al. Tree structure and diversity shape the biomass of primary temperate mountain forests. Forest Ecosystems, 2024, 11(4): 100215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fecs.2024.100215

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Received: 28 March 2024
Revised: 02 June 2024
Accepted: 02 June 2024
Published: 15 June 2024
© 2024 The Authors.

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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