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Forest Ecosystems 2022, 9(6): 100070 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fecs.2022.100070
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 17 October 2022

Contrast in vulnerability to freezing-induced xylem embolism contributes to divergence in spring phenology between diffuse- and ring-porous temperate trees

Show Author's Information Ai-Ying Wanga,b,1,  Han-Xiao Cuia,b,1,  Xue-Wei Gongc,d,  Jing-Jing Guoc,d,  Nan Wue,  Guang-You Haoc( )
School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, Liaoning, China
Liaoning Key Laboratory of Urban Integrated Pest Management and Ecological Security, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, Liaoning, China
CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
Tree Laboratory, Shenyang Academy of Landscape-gardening, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China

1 These authors contributed equally to the manuscript.

Keywords:
Diffuse-porous trees, Freeze-thaw cycle, Frost damage, Ring-porous trees, Spring phenology, Xylem embolism
Cite this article:
Wang A-Y, Cui H-X, Gong X-W, et al. Contrast in vulnerability to freezing-induced xylem embolism contributes to divergence in spring phenology between diffuse- and ring-porous temperate trees. Forest Ecosystems, 2022, 9(6): 100070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fecs.2022.100070
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Abstract Full text About this article
Background

The spring phenology and growth strategy of temperate tree species can be strongly linked to their sensitivity to frosts, which deserve more profound investigations under the background of climate warming particularly considering the advancement of spring phenology as well as the increase in frequency and intensity of spring cold waves.

Methods

Spring phenologies, stem radial growth characteristics, frost sensitivity of leaves and stem hydraulic systems were studied in five diffuse-porous and five ring-porous temperate tree species under a common garden condition.

Results

The results showed that the spring leaf phenology of the diffuse-porous species was one to two weeks earlier than that of the ring-porous species. The ring-porous species had significantly higher stem hydraulic conductivity than the diffuse-porous species (1.81 and 0.95 ​kg·m−1·s−1·MPa−1, P ​ < ​0.05) but were more vulnerable to freeze-thaw induced xylem embolism than the latter. After a simulated freeze-thaw event, the average percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity in the current year shoots increased from 26.0% (native embolism) to 86.7% in the ring-porous species, while it only increased from 21.3% to 38.3% in the diffuse-porous species. The spring phenology was clearly correlated with vulnerability to freeze-thaw induced embolism, with the more vulnerable ring-porous species exhibited substantially delayed phenology to reduce risks of catastrophic hydraulic dysfunction during spring frosts. Nevertheless, ring-porous species can offset the postponed onset of growth and gained even higher annual growth due to significantly higher hydraulic efficiency and leaf gas exchange rates.

Conclusions

Contrasts between ring-porous and diffuse-porous species in resistance to freeze-thaw induced embolism suggest that they face different selective pressures from early spring frosts, which may at least be partially responsible for their divergence in spring phenology and growth strategy and can potentially lead to different responses to climate regime shifts.


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About this article

Contrast in vulnerability to freezing-induced xylem embolism contributes to divergence in spring phenology between diffuse- and ring-porous temperate trees

Show Author's information Ai-Ying Wanga,b,1, Han-Xiao Cuia,b,1, Xue-Wei Gongc,d, Jing-Jing Guoc,d, Nan Wue, Guang-You Haoc( )
School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, Liaoning, China
Liaoning Key Laboratory of Urban Integrated Pest Management and Ecological Security, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, Liaoning, China
CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
Tree Laboratory, Shenyang Academy of Landscape-gardening, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China

1 These authors contributed equally to the manuscript.

Abstract

Background

The spring phenology and growth strategy of temperate tree species can be strongly linked to their sensitivity to frosts, which deserve more profound investigations under the background of climate warming particularly considering the advancement of spring phenology as well as the increase in frequency and intensity of spring cold waves.

Methods

Spring phenologies, stem radial growth characteristics, frost sensitivity of leaves and stem hydraulic systems were studied in five diffuse-porous and five ring-porous temperate tree species under a common garden condition.

Results

The results showed that the spring leaf phenology of the diffuse-porous species was one to two weeks earlier than that of the ring-porous species. The ring-porous species had significantly higher stem hydraulic conductivity than the diffuse-porous species (1.81 and 0.95 ​kg·m−1·s−1·MPa−1, P ​ < ​0.05) but were more vulnerable to freeze-thaw induced xylem embolism than the latter. After a simulated freeze-thaw event, the average percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity in the current year shoots increased from 26.0% (native embolism) to 86.7% in the ring-porous species, while it only increased from 21.3% to 38.3% in the diffuse-porous species. The spring phenology was clearly correlated with vulnerability to freeze-thaw induced embolism, with the more vulnerable ring-porous species exhibited substantially delayed phenology to reduce risks of catastrophic hydraulic dysfunction during spring frosts. Nevertheless, ring-porous species can offset the postponed onset of growth and gained even higher annual growth due to significantly higher hydraulic efficiency and leaf gas exchange rates.

Conclusions

Contrasts between ring-porous and diffuse-porous species in resistance to freeze-thaw induced embolism suggest that they face different selective pressures from early spring frosts, which may at least be partially responsible for their divergence in spring phenology and growth strategy and can potentially lead to different responses to climate regime shifts.

Keywords: Diffuse-porous trees, Freeze-thaw cycle, Frost damage, Ring-porous trees, Spring phenology, Xylem embolism

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Publication history
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Acknowledgements
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Publication history

Received: 20 August 2022
Revised: 06 October 2022
Accepted: 06 October 2022
Published: 17 October 2022
Issue date: December 2022

Copyright

© 2022 The Authors.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

We thank the staff at the Shenyang Academy of Landscape-gardening for supporting this study. Qiu-Rui Ning, Xiao-Han Yin, Yong-Jiao Zhou and Yue Zheng are acknowledged for assistances with fieldworks and guidance with the laboratory measurements.

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This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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