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Forest Ecosystems 2022, 9(3): 100030 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fecs.2022.100030
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 26 March 2022

Functional trait profiles and diversity of trees regenerating in disturbed tropical forests and agroforests in Indonesia

Show Author's Information Subekti Rahayua,  Sidiq Pambudia,  Dikdik Permadia,  Hesti L. Tatab,  Endri Martinia,  Saida Rasnovic,  Hani S. Nuroniahb,  Roeland Kindta,  Mohamad Nugrahaa,  Sonya Dewia,  Meine van Noordwijka,d,*( )
World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Bogor, Indonesia
FOERDIA, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Bogor, Indonesia
Botany Department, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands

* Corresponding author. World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Bogor, Indonesia.

Keywords:
Sumatra, Agroforestry, Wood density, Dipterocarp, Dispersal modes, Kalimantan, Landscape restoration, Natural regeneration
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Rahayu S, Pambudi S, Permadi D, et al. Functional trait profiles and diversity of trees regenerating in disturbed tropical forests and agroforests in Indonesia. Forest Ecosystems, 2022, 9(3): 100030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fecs.2022.100030
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Abstract Full text About this article

A main question in restoration of degraded forests and forest landscapes recovering from logging and fire is what to expect from natural regeneration through surviving propagules in the soil or seed sources and associated dispersal agents from the surrounding landscape mosaic, as alternative to tree planting. Tree diversity in secondary forests may be high, but based on newcomer species of low wood density and long-distance, abiotic dispersal modes. We compiled and analyzed three pairs of case studies (totaling 815 plots and 11.8 ​ha) of secondary forests recovering from logging, fire and conversion to agroforest in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Indonesia) on mineral soils. Data on tree species diversity, wood density frequency distribution (indicative of successional status) and dispersal modes were compared with those of less disturbed comparator forests in the same landscapes. Relatively undisturbed lowland dipterocarp forest in Kalimantan had close to 200 species of trees (> 10 ​cm diameter) at a 1-ha sample scale (and 450 ​at a 10-ha scale). After repeated fires a sample area of 2 ​ha was needed to reach the same species richness. Regulation-based logging had little impact on tree species richness. In rubber agroforest with low-intensity management beyond rubber planting, 50 tree species were found at a 1-ha scale and close to 100 species in 3 ​ha. The Kalimantan forest after repeated fires had a markedly higher fraction of low-wood-density trees (40%), but otherwise, all forests sampled were similar in overall wood density profiles. Selectively logged forest managed by a local community (village forest) and rubber agroforest in Sumatra contained larger fractions of heavy-wood-density trees. The majority of trees (50%–70%) had birds, bats and primates as dispersal agents in all sites. Selectively logged forests had higher fractions of autochorous species (15%) compared to other sites. Anemochorous (wind-dispersed) species, especially Macaranga lowii, were most common (20%) in lowland dipterocarp forest. Comparison between secondary forests and agroforests showed the influence of farmer selection regarding what is allowed to grow beyond the pole stage. Wood density and seed dispersal profiles can be used as degradation indicators of species assemblages across various disturbance levels and types, as they reflect the habitat quality of the surrounding landscape mosaics.


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Functional trait profiles and diversity of trees regenerating in disturbed tropical forests and agroforests in Indonesia

Show Author's information Subekti Rahayua, Sidiq Pambudia, Dikdik Permadia, Hesti L. Tatab, Endri Martinia, Saida Rasnovic, Hani S. Nuroniahb, Roeland Kindta, Mohamad Nugrahaa, Sonya Dewia, Meine van Noordwijka,d,*( )
World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Bogor, Indonesia
FOERDIA, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Bogor, Indonesia
Botany Department, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands

* Corresponding author. World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Bogor, Indonesia.

Abstract

A main question in restoration of degraded forests and forest landscapes recovering from logging and fire is what to expect from natural regeneration through surviving propagules in the soil or seed sources and associated dispersal agents from the surrounding landscape mosaic, as alternative to tree planting. Tree diversity in secondary forests may be high, but based on newcomer species of low wood density and long-distance, abiotic dispersal modes. We compiled and analyzed three pairs of case studies (totaling 815 plots and 11.8 ​ha) of secondary forests recovering from logging, fire and conversion to agroforest in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Indonesia) on mineral soils. Data on tree species diversity, wood density frequency distribution (indicative of successional status) and dispersal modes were compared with those of less disturbed comparator forests in the same landscapes. Relatively undisturbed lowland dipterocarp forest in Kalimantan had close to 200 species of trees (> 10 ​cm diameter) at a 1-ha sample scale (and 450 ​at a 10-ha scale). After repeated fires a sample area of 2 ​ha was needed to reach the same species richness. Regulation-based logging had little impact on tree species richness. In rubber agroforest with low-intensity management beyond rubber planting, 50 tree species were found at a 1-ha scale and close to 100 species in 3 ​ha. The Kalimantan forest after repeated fires had a markedly higher fraction of low-wood-density trees (40%), but otherwise, all forests sampled were similar in overall wood density profiles. Selectively logged forest managed by a local community (village forest) and rubber agroforest in Sumatra contained larger fractions of heavy-wood-density trees. The majority of trees (50%–70%) had birds, bats and primates as dispersal agents in all sites. Selectively logged forests had higher fractions of autochorous species (15%) compared to other sites. Anemochorous (wind-dispersed) species, especially Macaranga lowii, were most common (20%) in lowland dipterocarp forest. Comparison between secondary forests and agroforests showed the influence of farmer selection regarding what is allowed to grow beyond the pole stage. Wood density and seed dispersal profiles can be used as degradation indicators of species assemblages across various disturbance levels and types, as they reflect the habitat quality of the surrounding landscape mosaics.

Keywords: Sumatra, Agroforestry, Wood density, Dipterocarp, Dispersal modes, Kalimantan, Landscape restoration, Natural regeneration

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Published: 26 March 2022
Issue date: June 2022

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We acknowledge statistical advice from Dewi Bodro. Jim Roshetko provided comments and suggestions on a draft of the manuscript. Anonymous reviewers helped us sharpen the arguments and improve the manuscript.

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