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To improve the effectiveness of recycling, echelon utilization, and recovery mechanism of waste power batteries (WPBs), 12 recycling modes were proposed based on extended producer-responsibility principle. By employing profit and sensitivity analyses, we found that resource-recovery companies (Rs) are the key for recycling, echelon utilization, and recovery mechanism. For R, the high resale price of waste LiNixMnyCo1−xyO2 batteries was not conducive to recovering waste batteries. However, the recycling behavior of R was beneficial for resisting the risk of high resale price of waste LiNixMnyCo1−xyO2 batteries. This condition increased the profits by saving on the buying cost and reselling of WPBs to echelon-utilization companies. Following the decrease in the number of recyclers in the recycling system, the profits of R also increased. However, when the proportion of recycled waste LiNixMnyCo1−xyO2 batteries was 100%, the profits of R faced risks due to the high resale price of waste LiNixMnyCo1−xyO2 batteries. For other recyclers, only the power-battery manufacturers (Ms) were willing to reduce the resale price of waste LiNixMnyCo1−xyO2 batteries to let R earn profit because R supplied regenerated materials to M at a lower price than the material companies. This condition created a cycle for WPB recovery and reduced the use of raw materials. Thus, Mode M–R was considered as the optimal recycling mode.

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Publication history

Received: 17 July 2022
Revised: 21 August 2022
Accepted: 30 August 2022
Published: 21 September 2022
Issue date: December 2022

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Tsinghua University Press.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledegments

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51974262).

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This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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