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Avian Research 2022, 13(2): 100031 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100031
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 20 April 2022

Parapatric speciation with recurrent gene flow of two sexual dichromatic pheasants

Show Author's Information Zheng Lia,  Jie Zhoua,  Minzhi Gaoa,  Wei Liangb,  Lu Donga( )
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
Keywords:
Gene flow, Approximate Bayesian Computation, Golden Pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus), Lady Amherst's Pheasant (Chrysolophus amherstiae), Pairwise Sequentially Markovian Coalescent Speciation
Cite this article:
Li Z, Zhou J, Gao M, et al. Parapatric speciation with recurrent gene flow of two sexual dichromatic pheasants. Avian Research, 2022, 13(2): 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100031
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Abstract Full text About this article

Understanding speciation has long been a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. It is widely accepted that speciation requires an interruption of gene flow to generate strong reproductive isolation between species. The mechanism of how speciation in sexually dichromatic species operates in the face of gene flow remains an open question. Two species in the genus Chrysolophus, the Golden Pheasant (C. pictus) and Lady Amherst's Pheasant (C. amherstiae), both of which exhibit significant plumage dichromatism, are currently parapatric in southwestern China with several hybrid recordings in field. In this study, we estimated the pattern of gene flow during the speciation of the two pheasants using the Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) method based on data from multiple genes. Using a newly assembled de novo genome of Lady Amherst's Pheasant and resequencing of widely distributed individuals, we reconstructed the demographic history of the two pheasants by the PSMC (pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent) method. The results provide clear evidence that the gene flow between the two pheasants was consistent with the predictions of the isolation with migration model during divergence, indicating that there was long-term gene flow after the initial divergence (ca. 2.2 million years ago). The data further support the occurrence of secondary contact between the parapatric populations since around 30 kya with recurrent gene flow to the present, a pattern that may have been induced by the population expansion of the Golden Pheasant in the late Pleistocene. The results of the study support the scenario of speciation between the Golden Pheasant and Lady Amherst's Pheasant with cycles of mixing-isolation-mixing, possibly due to the dynamics of geographical context in the late Pleistocene. The two species provide a good research system as an evolutionary model for testing reinforcement selection in speciation.


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About this article

Parapatric speciation with recurrent gene flow of two sexual dichromatic pheasants

Show Author's information Zheng Lia, Jie Zhoua, Minzhi Gaoa, Wei Liangb, Lu Donga( )
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China

Abstract

Understanding speciation has long been a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. It is widely accepted that speciation requires an interruption of gene flow to generate strong reproductive isolation between species. The mechanism of how speciation in sexually dichromatic species operates in the face of gene flow remains an open question. Two species in the genus Chrysolophus, the Golden Pheasant (C. pictus) and Lady Amherst's Pheasant (C. amherstiae), both of which exhibit significant plumage dichromatism, are currently parapatric in southwestern China with several hybrid recordings in field. In this study, we estimated the pattern of gene flow during the speciation of the two pheasants using the Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) method based on data from multiple genes. Using a newly assembled de novo genome of Lady Amherst's Pheasant and resequencing of widely distributed individuals, we reconstructed the demographic history of the two pheasants by the PSMC (pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent) method. The results provide clear evidence that the gene flow between the two pheasants was consistent with the predictions of the isolation with migration model during divergence, indicating that there was long-term gene flow after the initial divergence (ca. 2.2 million years ago). The data further support the occurrence of secondary contact between the parapatric populations since around 30 kya with recurrent gene flow to the present, a pattern that may have been induced by the population expansion of the Golden Pheasant in the late Pleistocene. The results of the study support the scenario of speciation between the Golden Pheasant and Lady Amherst's Pheasant with cycles of mixing-isolation-mixing, possibly due to the dynamics of geographical context in the late Pleistocene. The two species provide a good research system as an evolutionary model for testing reinforcement selection in speciation.

Keywords: Gene flow, Approximate Bayesian Computation, Golden Pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus), Lady Amherst's Pheasant (Chrysolophus amherstiae), Pairwise Sequentially Markovian Coalescent Speciation

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Received: 13 March 2022
Accepted: 12 April 2022
Published: 20 April 2022
Issue date: June 2022

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Wanglang National Nature Reserve, Yanyun Zhang, Chao Zhao, Zhixin Zhou and Yiqiang Fu for their help in collecting samples. We thank Bowen Zhang, Yu Hao and Jindan Guo for assistance in statistics. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31471987). The research protocol was approved by College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University: No. CLS-EAW-2013-007.

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