Relaxor behaviour and phase transition of perovskite ferroelectrics-type complex oxides (1–x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–xCaTiO3 system

Roy ROUKOS; Nissrine ZAITER; Denis CHAUMONT

doi:10.1007/s40145-018-0264-6

Journal of Advanced Ceramics 2018, 7(2): 124-142 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-018-0264-6

Research Article |

Open Access | Issue | Published: 28 March 2018

Relaxor behaviour and phase transition of perovskite ferroelectrics-type complex oxides (1–x)Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–xCaTiO₃ system

Show Author's Information Hide Author's Information Roy ROUKOS(

), Nissrine ZAITER, Denis CHAUMONT

Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France

Keywords:

X-ray diffraction, dielectric properties, Raman spectroscopy, relaxor behaviour, Vogel–Fulcher relationship, polar nanoregions (PNRs)

Cite this article:

ROUKOS R, ZAITER N, CHAUMONT D. Relaxor behaviour and phase transition of perovskite ferroelectrics-type complex oxides (1–x)Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–xCaTiO₃ system. Journal of Advanced Ceramics, 2018, 7(2): 124-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-018-0264-6

Download citation

EndNote(RIS)

BibTeX

709

Views

Downloads

Citations

Crossref

N/A

WoS

Scopus

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Abstract

Polycrystalline powders of (1–x)Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–xCaTiO₃ ((1–x)NBT–xCT, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.55) have been synthesized by solid state route. The effects of simultaneous substitution of Na⁺/Bi³⁺ at A-site in NBT on structural and dielectric properties were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the phase transition from rhombohedral structure (x = 0) to orthorhombic structure (x ≥ 0.15). A distinct behaviour in dielectric properties was obtained, where for x = 0, a normal ferroelectric behaviour was observed, whereas for x ≥ 0.15, a broad dielectric anomaly was revealed such that the maximum temperature (T_m) strongly depended on the frequency and shifted towards low temperature with CT. The dielectric dispersion indicated a relaxor behaviour revealed by the degree of diffuseness and modelled via Vogel–Fulcher relation. The study highlighted the relaxor behaviour as a function of frequency and proved the transformation from a relaxor high-frequency dependence to a paraelectric phase at temperature T_s. The distinct variation of the Raman spectra at room temperature was correlated with X-ray diffraction results and proved the already mentioned transition. On heating (-193–500 ℃), the Raman spectra confirmed the structural stability (Pnma) of the materials. The phonon behaviour for x = 0.15 was discussed in terms of the appearance of polar nanoregions (PNRs) into a non-polar orthorhombic matrix responsible of the relaxor behaviour. For x = 0.20, unchanged phonon behaviour confirmed the variation in dielectric behaviour where the solids transformed from a relaxor to a paraelectric state without structural phase transition.

Full text

Abstract

Full text

Outline

About this article

Relaxor behaviour and phase transition of perovskite ferroelectrics-type complex oxides (1–x)Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–xCaTiO₃ system

Show Author's information Hide Author's Information Roy ROUKOS(

), Nissrine ZAITER, Denis CHAUMONT

Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne UMR 6303 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon, France

Abstract

Keywords: X-ray diffraction, dielectric properties, Raman spectroscopy, relaxor behaviour, Vogel–Fulcher relationship, polar nanoregions (PNRs)

References(87)

[1]

J Ravez, A Simon. Some solid state chemistry aspects of lead-free relaxor ferroelectrics. J Solid State Chem 2001, 162: 260–265.

DOI Google Scholar

[2]

Z-G Ye. Relaxor ferroelectric complex perovskites: Structure, properties and phase transitions. Key Eng Mat 1998, 155–156: 81–122.

DOI Google Scholar

[3]

W Ge, J Yao, C DeVreugd, et al. Electric field dependent phase stability and structurally bridging orthorhombic phase in Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–x%BaTiO₃ crystals near the MPB. Solid State Commun 2011, 151: 71–74.

DOI Google Scholar

[4]

M Chen, Q Xu, BH Kim, et al. Structure and electrical properties of (Na_0.5Bi_0.5)_1−xBa_xTiO₃ piezoelectric ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 2008, 28: 843–849.

DOI Google Scholar

[5]

J Suchanicz, I Jankowska-Sumara, TV Kruzina. Raman and infrared spectroscopy of Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–BaTiO₃ ceramics. J Electroceram 2011, 27: 45–50.

DOI Google Scholar

[6]

B-J Chu, D-R Chen, G-R Li, et al. Electrical properties of Na_1/2Bi_1/2TiO₃–BaTiO₃ ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 2002, 22: 2115–2121.

DOI Google Scholar

[7]

W Jo, JE Daniels, JL Jones, et al. Evolving morphotropic phase boundary in lead-free (Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃–BaTiO₃ piezoceramics. J Appl Phys 2011, 109: 014110.

DOI Google Scholar

[8]

C Ma, H Guo, SP Beckman, et al. Creation and destruction of morphotropic phase boundaries through electrical poling: A case study of lead-free (Bi_1/2Na_1/2TiO₃)–BaTiO₃ piezoelectrics. Phys Rev Lett 2012, 109: 107602.

Google Scholar

[9]

JR Gomah-Pettry, P Marchet, A Salak, et al. Electrical properties of Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–SrTiO₃ ceramics. Integrated Ferroelectrics 2004, 61: 159–162.

DOI Google Scholar

[10]

Y Hiruma, Y Imai, Y Watanabe, et al. Large electrostrain near the phase transition temperature of (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃– SrTiO₃ ferroelectric ceramics. Appl Phys Lett 2008, 92: 262904.

DOI Google Scholar

[11]

D Rout, K-S Moon, S-JL Kang, et al. Dielectric and Raman scattering studies of phase transitions in the (100–x)Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–xSrTiO₃ system. J Appl Phys 2010, 108: 084102.

DOI Google Scholar

[12]

W Krauss, D Schütz, FA Mautner, et al. Piezoelectric properties and phase transition temperatures of the solid solution of (1–x)(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃–xSrTiO₃. J Eur Ceram Soc 2010, 30: 1827–1832.

DOI Google Scholar

[13]

T Wang, H Du, X Shi. Dielectric and ferroelectric properties of (1–x)Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–xSrTiO₃ lead-free piezoceramics system. J Phys: Conf Ser 2009, 152: 012065.

DOI Google Scholar

[14]

S Praharaj, D Rout, BB Kar, et al. Study of glassy behavior in 60(Na_0.5Bi_0.5)TiO₃–40SrTiO₃ lead-free relaxor. AIP Conference Proceedings 2016, 1731: 140017.

DOI Google Scholar

[15]

L Jin, R Huo, R Guo, et al. Diffuse phase transitions and giant electrostrictive coefficients in lead-free Fe³⁺-doped 0.5Ba(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃–0.5(Ba_0.7Ca_0.3)TiO₃ ferroelectric ceramics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016, 8: 31109–31119.

DOI Google Scholar

[16]

L Zhang, Z Xu, Z Li, et al. Preparation and characterization of high T_c (1–x)BiScO₃−xPbTiO₃ ceramics from high energy ball milling process. J Electroceram 2008, 21: 605–608.

DOI Google Scholar

[17]

NH Khansur, J Glaum, O Clemens, et al. Uniaxial compressive stress and temperature dependent mechanical behavior of (1–x)BiFeO₃–xBaTiO₃ lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Ceram Int 2017, 43: 9092–9098.

DOI Google Scholar

[18]

R Cheng, Z Xu, R Chu, et al. Large piezoelectric effect in Bi_1/2Na_1/2TiO₃-based lead-free piezoceramics. Ceram Int 2015, 41: 8119–8127.

DOI Google Scholar

[19]

W Jo, J Daniels, D Damjanovic, et al. Two-stage processes of electrically induced-ferroelectric to relaxor transition in 0.94(Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃–0.06BaTiO₃. Appl Phys Lett 2013, 102: 192903.

DOI Google Scholar

[20]

AA Bokov, Z-G Ye. Recent progress in relaxor ferroelectrics with perovskite structure. J Mater Sci 2006, 41: 31–52.

DOI Google Scholar

[21]

Ph Sciau, G Calvarin, J Ravez. X-ray diffraction study of BaTi_0.65Zr_0.35O₃ and Ba_0.92Ca_0.08Ti_0.75Zr_0.25O₃ compositions: Influence of electric field. Solid State Commun 1999, 113: 77–82.

Google Scholar

[22]

A Simon, J Ravez, M Maglione. The crossover from a ferroelectric to a relaxor state in lead-free solid solutions. J Phys: Condens Matter 2004, 16: 963.

DOI Google Scholar

[23]

N Yasuda, H Ohwa, K Arai, et al. Effect of hydrostatic pressure in barium titanate stannate solid solution Ba(Ti_1–xSn_x)O₃. J Mater Sci Lett 1997, 16: 1315–1318.

DOI Google Scholar

[24]

F Chu, N Setter, AK Tagantsev. The spontaneous relaxor-ferroelectric transition of Pb(Sc_0.5Ta_0.5)O₃. J Appl Phys 1993, 74: 5129–5134.

DOI Google Scholar

[25]

X Dai, Z Xu, D Viehland. The spontaneous relaxor to normal ferroelectric transformation in La-modified lead zirconate titanate. Philos Mag B 1994, 70: 33–48.

DOI Google Scholar

[26]

V Bobnar, Z Kutnjak, R Pirc, et al. Electric-field- temperature phase diagram of the relaxor ferroelectric lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate. Phys Rev B 1999, 60: 6420–6427.

DOI Google Scholar

[27]

N Setter, LE Cross. The role of B-site cation disorder in diffuse phase transition behavior of perovskite ferroelectrics. J Appl Phys 1980, 51: 4356–4360.

DOI Google Scholar

[28]

G Burns, FH Dacol. Glassy polarization behavior in ferroelectric compounds Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ and Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃. Solid State Commun 1983, 48: 853–856.

DOI Google Scholar

[29]

P Bonneau, P Garnier, G Calvarin, et al. X-ray and neutron diffraction studies of the diffuse phase transition in PbMg_1/3Nb_2/3O₃ ceramics. J Solid State Chem 1991, 91: 350–361.

DOI Google Scholar

[30]

P Bonneau, P Garnier, E Husson, et al. Structural study of PMN ceramics by X-ray diffraction between 297 and 1023 K. Mater Res Bull 1989, 24: 201–206.

DOI Google Scholar

[31]

Y Uesu, H Tazawa, K Fujishiro, et al. Neutron scattering and nonlinear-optical studies on the phase transition of ferroelectric relaxor Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃. Journal of the Korean Physical Society 1996, 29: S703–S705.

Google Scholar

[32]

S Vakhrushev, A Nabereznov, SK Sinha, et al. Synchrotron X-ray scattering study of lead magnoniobate relaxor ferroelectric crystals. J Phys Chem Solids 1996, 57: 1517–1523.

DOI Google Scholar

[33]

Y Moriya, H Kawaji, T Tojo, et al. Specific-heat anomaly caused by ferroelectric nanoregions in Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ and Pb(Mg_1/3Ta_2/3)O₃ relaxors. Phys Rev Lett 2003, 90: 205901.

Google Scholar

[34]

N De Mathan, E Husson, G Calvarn, et al. A structural model for the relaxor PbMg_1/3Nb_2/3O₃ at 5 K. J Phys: Condens Matter 1991, 3: 8159.

DOI Google Scholar

[35]

I-K Jeong, TW Darling, JK Lee, et al. Direct observation of the formation of polar nanoregions in Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ using neutron pair distribution function analysis. Phys Rev Lett 2005, 94: 147602.

DOI Google Scholar

[36]

G Xu, G Shirane, JRD Copley, et al. Neutron elastic diffuse scattering study of Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃. Phys Rev B 2004, 69: 064112.

DOI Google Scholar

[37]

VV Shvartsman, AL Kholkin, A Orlova, et al. Polar nanodomains and local ferroelectric phenomena in relaxor lead lanthanum zirconate titanate ceramics. Appl Phys Lett 2005, 86: 202907.

DOI Google Scholar

[38]

H You, QM Zhang. Diffuse X-ray scattering study of lead magnesium niobate single crystals. Phys Rev Lett 1997, 79: 3950.

DOI Google Scholar

[39]

D La-Orauttapong, J Toulouse, JL Robertson, et al. Diffuse neutron scattering study of a disordered complex perovskite Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ crystal. Phys Rev B 2001, 64: 212101.

DOI Google Scholar

[40]

B Dkhil, JM Kiat, G Calvarin, et al. Local and long range polar order in the relaxor-ferroelectric compounds PbMg_1/3Nb_2/3O₃ and PbMg_0.3Nb_0.6Ti_0.1O₃. Phys Rev B 2001, 65: 024104.

Google Scholar

[41]

K Hirota, Z-G Ye, S Wakimoto, et al. Neutron diffuse scattering from polar nanoregions in the relaxor Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃. Phys Rev B 2002, 65: 104105.

DOI Google Scholar

[42]

V Dorcet, G Trolliard, P Boullay. The structural origin of the antiferroelectric properties and relaxor behavior of Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃. J Magn Magn Mater 2009, 321: 1758–1761.

DOI Google Scholar

[43]

J-K Lee, KS Hong, CK Kim, et al. Phase transitions and dielectric properties in A-site ion substituted (Na_1/2Bi_1/2)TiO₃ ceramics (A = Pb and Sr). J Appl Phys 2002, 91: 4538.

DOI Google Scholar

[44]

M Otoničar, SD Škapin, M Spreitzer, et al. Compositional range and electrical properties of the morphotropic phase boundary in the Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–K_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ system. J Eur Ceram Soc 2010, 30: 971–979.

Google Scholar

[45]

Y Hiruma, H Nagata, T Takenaka. Detection of morphotropic phase boundary of (Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃– Ba(Al_1/2Sb_1/2)O₃ solid-solution ceramics. Appl Phys Lett 2009, 95: 052903.

Google Scholar

[46]

Y Watanabe, Y Hiruma, H Nagata, et al. Phase transition temperatures and electrical properties of divalent ions (Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Ba²⁺) substituted (Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃ ceramics. Ceram Int 2008, 34: 761–764.

DOI Google Scholar

[47]

Y Yuan, EZ Li, B Li, et al. Effects of Ca and Mn additions on the microstructure and dielectric properties of (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃ ceramics. J Electron Mater 2011, 40: 2234–2239.

DOI Google Scholar

[48]

R Ranjan, R Garg, V Kothai, et al. Phases in the (1−x)Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–(x)CaTiO₃ system. J Phys: Condens Matter 2010, 22: 075901.

DOI Google Scholar

[49]

HL Du, X Du, HL Li. Phase structure and electrical properties of lead free Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–CaTiO₃ ceramics. Adv Appl Ceram 2013, 112: 277–281.

DOI Google Scholar

[50]

E Birks, M Dunce, R Ignatans, et al. Structure and dielectric properties of Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–CaTiO₃ solid solutions. J Appl Phys 2016, 119: 074102.

DOI Google Scholar

[51]

E Aksel, JS Forrester, JL Jones, et al. Monoclinic crystal structure of polycrystalline Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃. Appl Phys Lett 2011, 98: 152901.

DOI Google Scholar

[52]

R Roukos. Transitions de phases dans des oxydes complexes de structure pérovskite: cas du système (1–x)Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–xCaTiO₃. Université de Bourgogne, 2015.

[53]

R Roukos, N Geoffroy, D Chaumont. Electric field induced monoclinic phase stability in Ca doped Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃: Case of 0.93Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–0.07CaTiO₃ ferroelectric ceramics. AIP Advances 2017, 7: 015030.

DOI Google Scholar

[54]

F Craciun, C Galassi, R Birjega. Electric-field-induced and spontaneous relaxor-ferroelectric phase transitions in (Na_1/2Bi_1/2)_1−xBa_xTiO₃. J Appl Phys 2012, 112: 124106.

Google Scholar

[55]

B Parija, T Badapanda, SK Rout, et al. Morphotropic phase boundary and electrical properties of 1−x[Bi_0.5Na_0.5]TiO₃– xBa[Zr_0.25Ti_0.75]O₃ lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Ceram Int 2013, 39: 4877–4886.

Google Scholar

[56]

H Zheng, GDC Csete de Györgyfalva, R Quimby, et al. Raman spectroscopy of B-site order–disorder in CaTiO₃- based microwave ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 2003, 23: 2653–2659.

Google Scholar

[57]

R Selvamani, G Singh, V Sathe, et al. Dielectric, structural and Raman studies on (Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃)_(1-x)(BiCrO₃)_x ceramic. J Phys: Condens Matter 2011, 23: 055901.

Google Scholar

[58]

C Xu, D Lin, KW Kwok. Structure, electrical properties and depolarization temperature of (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃–BaTiO₃ lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Solid State Sci 2008, 10: 934–940.

Google Scholar

[59]

E Sapper, S Schaab, W Jo, et al. Influence of electric fields on the depolarization temperature of Mn-doped (1–x)Bi_1/2Na_1/2TiO₃–xBaTiO₃. J Appl Phys 2012, 111: 014105.

Google Scholar

[60]

W Jo, S Schaab, E Sapper, et al. On the phase identity and its thermal evolution of lead free (Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃–6 mol% BaTiO₃. J Appl Phys 2011, 110: 074106.

Google Scholar

[61]

BK Barick, KK Mishra, AK Arora, et al. Impedance and Raman spectroscopic studies of (Na_0.5Bi_0.5)TiO₃. J Phys D: Appl Phys 2011, 44: 355402.

DOI Google Scholar

[62]

W Bai, D Chen, P Zheng, et al. Composition- and temperature-driven phase transition characteristics and associated electromechanical properties in Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃- based lead-free ceramics. Dalton Trans 2016, 45: 8573–8586.

DOI Google Scholar

[63]

W Bai, D Chen, P Zheng, et al. NaNbO₃ templates-induced phase evolution and enhancement of electromechanical properties in <00l> grain oriented lead-free BNT-based piezoelectric materials. J Eur Ceram Soc 2017, 37: 2591–2604.

DOI

[64]

K Wang, A Hussain, W Jo, et al. Temperature-dependent properties of (Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃–(Bi_1/2K_1/2)TiO₃–SrTiO₃ lead-free piezoceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2012, 95: 2241–2247.

Google Scholar

[65]

B-J Chu, D-R Chen, G-R Li, et al. Electrical properties of Na_1/2Bi_1/2TiO₃–BaTiO₃ ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 2002, 22: 2115–2121.

DOI Google Scholar

[66]

T Oh. Dielectric relaxor properties in the system of (Na_1–xK_x)_1/2Bi_1/2TiO₃ ceramics. Jpn J Appl Phys 2006, 45: 5138.

DOI Google Scholar

[67]

P Jarupoom, K Pengpat, N Pisitpipathsin, et al. Development of electrical properties in lead-free bismuth sodium lanthanum titanate–barium titanate ceramic near the morphotropic phase boundary. Curr Appl Phys 2008, 8: 253–257.

DOI Google Scholar

[68]

AK Singh, D Pandey. Evidence for M_B and M_C phases in the morphotropic phase boundary region of (1–x)[Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃]–xPbTiO₃: A Rietveld study. Phys Rev B 2003, 67: 064102.

DOI Google Scholar

[69]

HY Ma, XM Chen, J Wang, et al. Structure, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of 0.92Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–0.06BaTiO₃– 0.02K_0.5Na_0.5NbO₃ lead-free ceramics: Effect of Co₂O₃ additive. Ceram Int 2013, 39: 3721–3729.

DOI Google Scholar

[70]

Y Li, W Chen, J Zhou, et al. Dielectric and ferroelectric properties of lead-free Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–K_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ ferroelectric ceramics. Ceram Int 2005, 31: 139–142.

DOI Google Scholar

[71]

B Talik. Ferroelectric relaxor behavior and spectroscopic properties of Ba²⁺ and Zr⁴⁺ modified sodium bismuth titanate. Am J Mater Sci 2012, 2: 110–118.

DOI Google Scholar

[72]

AK Tagantsev. Vogel–Fulcher relationship for the dielectric permittivity of relaxor ferroelectrics. Phys Rev Lett 1994, 72: 1100.

DOI Google Scholar

[73]

R Grigalaitis, M Ivanov, J Macutkevic, et al. Size effects in a relaxor: Further insights into PMN. J Phys: Condens Matter 2014, 26: 272201.

DOI Google Scholar

[74]

J Liu, C-G Duan, W-G Yin, et al. Dielectric permittivity and electric modulus in Bi₂Ti₄O₁₁. J Chem Phys 2003, 119: 2812–2819.

DOI Google Scholar

[75]

R Grigalaitis, J Banys, A Kania, et al. Distribution of relaxation times in PMN single crystal. J Phys IV France 2005, 128: 127–131.

DOI Google Scholar

[76]

J Kreisel, AM Glazer, P Bouvier, et al. High-pressure Raman study of a relaxor ferroelectric: The Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ perovskite. Phys Rev B 2001, 63: 174106.

DOI Google Scholar

[77]

L Luo, W Ge, J Li, et al. Raman spectroscopic study of Na_1/2Bi_1/2TiO₃–x%BaTiO₃ single crystals as a function of temperature and composition. J Appl Phys 2011, 109: 113507.

DOI Google Scholar

[78]

E Aksel, JS Forrester, B Kowalski, et al. Structure and properties of Fe-modified Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ at ambient and elevated temperature. Phys Rev B 2012, 85: 024121.

DOI Google Scholar

[79]

W Bai, P Li, L Li, et al. Structure evolution and large strain response in BNT–BT lead-free piezoceramics modified with Bi(Ni_0.5Ti_0.5)O₃. J Alloys Compd 2015, 649: 772–781.

DOI Google Scholar

[80]

S Wakimoto, C Stock, RJ Birgeneau, et al. Ferroelectric ordering in the relaxor Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ as evidenced by low-temperature phonon anomalies. Phys Rev B 2002, 65: 172105.

DOI Google Scholar

[81]

F Li, R Zuo, D Zheng, et al. Phase-composition-dependent piezoelectric and electromechanical strain properties in (Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃–Ba(Ni_1/2Nb_1/2)O₃ lead-free ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2015, 98: 811–818.

Google Scholar

[82]

D Schütz, M Deluca, W Krauss, et al. Lone-pair-induced covalency as the cause of temperature- and field-induced instabilities in bismuth sodium titanate. Adv Funct Mater 2012, 22: 2285–2294.

Google Scholar

[83]

A Sasaki, T Chiba, Y Mamiya, et al. Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃–(Bi_0.5K_0.5)TiO₃ systems. Jpn J Appl Phys 1999, 38: 5564.

Google Scholar

[84]

, R Ranjan, SK Mishra, et al. Room temperature structure of Pb(Zr_xTi_1−xO₃) around the morphotropic phase boundary region: A Rietveld study. J Appl Phys 2002, 92: 3266–3274.

Google Scholar

[85]

JE Daniels, W Jo, J Rödel, et al. Electric-field-induced phase transformation at a lead-free morphotropic phase boundary: Case study in a 93%(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃–7%BaTiO₃ piezoelectric ceramic. Appl Phys Lett 2009, 95: 032904.

Google Scholar

[86]

D Viehland, M Wuttig, LE Cross. The glassy behavior of relaxor ferroelectrics. Ferroelectrics 1991, 120: 71–77.

Google Scholar

[87]

Y Hiruma, H Nagata, T Takenaka. Thermal depoling process and piezoelectric properties of bismuth sodium titanate ceramics. J Appl Phys 2009, 105: 084112.

Google Scholar

About this article

Publication history

Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 23 October 2017

Revised: 20 February 2018

Accepted: 27 February 2018

Published: 28 March 2018

Issue date: June 2018

Copyright

Rights and permissions

Open Access The articles published in this journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.