Journal Home > Volume 12 , Issue 2
Journal of Advanced Ceramics 2023, 12(2): 341-356 https://doi.org/10.26599/JAC.2023.9220688
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 06 January 2023

High-performance multifunctional (Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C high-entropy ceramic reinforced with low-loading 3D hybrid graphene–carbon nanotube

Show Author's Information Jialin Suna,b( ),  Jun Zhaoc,  Yonghui Zhouc,  Peng Zhaia,  Xialun Yund,  Zhifu Huangb,  Hui Zhange,  Guohua Zhangf
School of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Keywords:
high-entropy ceramic (HEC), three-dimensional graphene–carbon nanotube (3D G–CNT), toughening, lubricating, thermal conductivity (κ)/electrical conductivity (σ)
Cite this article:
Sun J, Zhao J, Zhou Y, et al. High-performance multifunctional (Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C high-entropy ceramic reinforced with low-loading 3D hybrid graphene–carbon nanotube. Journal of Advanced Ceramics, 2023, 12(2): 341-356. https://doi.org/10.26599/JAC.2023.9220688
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

6922

Views

860

Downloads

Citations

10

Crossref

6

WoS

6

Scopus

1

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

There has been growing interest in the high-entropy ceramic (HEC) recently owing to its tailorable compositions and microstructures, versatile properties, together with promising structural and functional applications. However, inferior fracture toughness (KIC) and damage tolerance restricted many practical applications of the HEC. Herein, we addressed this challenge by incorporating a three-dimensional graphene–carbon nanotube (3D G–CNT) as toughening agent in (Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C. The resulting enhanced 3D G–CNT/(Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C featured an outstanding toughness of 8.23 MPa·m1/2, while remaining superior strength (763 MPa) and hardness (24.7 GPa). An ultralow friction coefficient (0.15) coupled with an ultralow wear rate (w, 2.6×10−7 mm3/(N·m)) in the 3D G–CNT/(Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C was obtained primarily as a function of lubricating scrolls, in which two-dimensional (2D) graphene acted as a tribolayer, and one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes acted as nano ball bearings embedded inside. Strikingly, the 3D G–CNT/(Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C exhibited rather low thermal conductivity (κ) yet excellent electrical conductivity (σ, 1.3×106 S/m) in comparison with the pure (Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C. This study provided great potential for maximizing the physical and functional properties of the HEC for various applications.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

High-performance multifunctional (Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C high-entropy ceramic reinforced with low-loading 3D hybrid graphene–carbon nanotube

Show Author's information Jialin Suna,b( ), Jun Zhaoc, Yonghui Zhouc, Peng Zhaia, Xialun Yund, Zhifu Huangb, Hui Zhange, Guohua Zhangf
School of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

Abstract

There has been growing interest in the high-entropy ceramic (HEC) recently owing to its tailorable compositions and microstructures, versatile properties, together with promising structural and functional applications. However, inferior fracture toughness (KIC) and damage tolerance restricted many practical applications of the HEC. Herein, we addressed this challenge by incorporating a three-dimensional graphene–carbon nanotube (3D G–CNT) as toughening agent in (Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C. The resulting enhanced 3D G–CNT/(Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C featured an outstanding toughness of 8.23 MPa·m1/2, while remaining superior strength (763 MPa) and hardness (24.7 GPa). An ultralow friction coefficient (0.15) coupled with an ultralow wear rate (w, 2.6×10−7 mm3/(N·m)) in the 3D G–CNT/(Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C was obtained primarily as a function of lubricating scrolls, in which two-dimensional (2D) graphene acted as a tribolayer, and one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes acted as nano ball bearings embedded inside. Strikingly, the 3D G–CNT/(Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C exhibited rather low thermal conductivity (κ) yet excellent electrical conductivity (σ, 1.3×106 S/m) in comparison with the pure (Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C. This study provided great potential for maximizing the physical and functional properties of the HEC for various applications.

Keywords: high-entropy ceramic (HEC), three-dimensional graphene–carbon nanotube (3D G–CNT), toughening, lubricating, thermal conductivity (κ)/electrical conductivity (σ)

References(79)

[1]
Xiang HM, Xing Y, Dai FZ, et al. High-entropy ceramics: Present status, challenges, and a look forward. J Adv Ceram 2021, 10: 385–441.
DOI Google Scholar
[2]
Rost CM, Sachet E, Borman T, et al. Entropy-stabilized oxides. Nat Commun 2015, 6: 8485.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]
Sarker P, Harrington T, Toher C, et al. High-entropy high-hardness metal carbides discovered by entropy descriptors. Nat Commun 2018, 9: 4980.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]
Oses C, Toher C, Curtarolo S. High-entropy ceramics. Nat Rev Mater 2020, 5: 295–309.
DOI Google Scholar
[5]
Sarkar A, Velasco L, Wang D, et al. High entropy oxides for reversible energy storage. Nat Commun 2018, 9: 3400.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]
Zheng YP, Zou MC, Zhang WY, et al. Electrical and thermal transport behaviours of high-entropy perovskite thermoelectric oxides. J Adv Ceram 2021, 10: 377–384.
DOI Google Scholar
[7]
Braun JL, Rost CM, Lim M, et al. Charge-induced disorder controls the thermal conductivity of entropy-stabilized oxides. Adv Mater 2018, 30: 1805004.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]
Edalati P, Wang Q, Razavi-Khosroshahi H, et al. Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution on a high-entropy oxide. J Mater Chem A 2020, 8: 3814–3821.
DOI Google Scholar
[9]
Liu D, Liu HH, Ning SS, et al. Chrysanthemum-like high-entropy diboride nanoflowers: A new class of high-entropy nanomaterials. J Adv Ceram 2020, 9: 339–348.
DOI Google Scholar
[10]
Qin MD, Yan QZ, Liu Y, et al. A new class of high-entropy M3B4 borides. J Adv Ceram 2021, 10: 166–172.
DOI Google Scholar
[11]
Jin T, Sang XH, Unocic RR, et al. Mechanochemical-assisted synthesis of high-entropy metal nitride via a soft urea strategy. Adv Mater 2018, 30: 1707512.
DOI Google Scholar
[12]
Lu K, Liu JX, Wei XF, et al. Microstructures and mechanical properties of high-entropy (Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C ceramics with the addition of SiC secondary phase. J Eur Ceram Soc 2020, 40: 1839–1847.
DOI Google Scholar
[13]
Sun JL, Zhao J, Chen Y, et al. Toughening in low-dimensional nanomaterials high-entropy ceramic nanocomposite. Compos Part B-Eng 2022, 231: 109586.
DOI Google Scholar
[14]
Ye BL, Wen T, Nguyen MC, et al. First-principles study, fabrication and characterization of (Zr0.25Nb0.25Ti0.25V0.25)C high-entropy ceramics. Acta Mater 2019, 170: 15–23.
DOI Google Scholar
[15]
Suárez M, Fernández A, Menéndez JL, et al. Challenges and opportunities for spark plasma sintering: A key technology for a new generation of materials. In: Sintering Applications. Ertuğ B, Ed. Intech, 2013: 319–342.
[16]
Chen IW, Wang XH. Sintering dense nanocrystalline ceramics without final-stage grain growth. Nature 2000, 404: 168–171.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]
Lóh NJ, Simão L, Faller CA, et al. A review of two-step sintering for ceramics. Ceram Int 2016, 42: 12556–12572.
DOI Google Scholar
[18]
Zhang ZF, Sha JJ, Zu YF, et al. Fabrication and mechanical properties of self-toughening ZrB2–SiC composites from in situ reaction. J Adv Ceram 2019, 8: 527–536.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]
Zhu GX, Feng Q, Yang JS, et al. Effect of BNNTs/matrix interface tailoring on toughness and fracture morphology of hierarchical SiCf /SiC composites. J Adv Ceram 2019, 8: 555–563.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]
Sun JL, Zhao J, Huang ZH, et al. A review on binderless tungsten carbide: Development and application. Nano-Micro Lett 2020, 12: 13.
DOI Google Scholar
[21]
Bouville F, Maire E, Meille S, et al. Strong, tough and stiff bioinspired ceramics from brittle constituents. Nat Mater 2014, 13: 508–514.
DOI Google Scholar
[22]
Studart AR. Bioinspired ceramics: Turning brittleness into toughness. Nat Mater 2014, 13: 433–435.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]
Sun JL, Zhao J, Chen Y, et al. Macro–micro–nano multistage toughening in nano-laminated graphene ceramic composites. Mater Today Phys 2022, 22: 100595.
DOI Google Scholar
[24]
Nieto A, Bisht A, Lahiri D, et al. Graphene reinforced metal and ceramic matrix composites: A review. Int Mater Rev 2017, 62: 241–302.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]
Huang YJ, Wan CL. Controllable fabrication and multifunctional applications of graphene/ceramic composites. J Adv Ceram 2020, 9: 271–291.
DOI Google Scholar
[26]
Balandin AA. Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials. Nat Mater 2011, 10: 569–581.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]
Brotchie A. Metamaterials: Graphene makes ceramics multifunctional. Nat Rev Mater 2017, 2: 17044.
DOI Google Scholar
[28]
Fan W, Zhang LS, Liu TX. Graphene–carbon Nanotube Hybrids for Energy and Environmental Applications. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017.
DOI
[29]
Kong HX. Hybrids of carbon nanotubes and graphene/graphene oxide. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 2013, 17: 31–37.
DOI Google Scholar
[30]
Shin MK, Lee B, Kim SH, et al. Synergistic toughening of composite fibres by self-alignment of reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2012, 3: 650.
DOI Google Scholar
[31]
Baig Z, Mamat O, Mustapha M. Recent progress on the dispersion and the strengthening effect of carbon nanotubes and graphene-reinforced metal nanocomposites: A review. Crit Rev Solid State 2018, 43: 1–46.
DOI Google Scholar
[32]
Tang C, Zhang Q, Zhao MQ, et al. Nitrogen-doped aligned carbon nanotube/graphene sandwiches: Facile catalytic growth on bifunctional natural catalysts and their applications as scaffolds for high-rate lithium–sulfur batteries. Adv Mater 2014, 26: 6100–6105.
DOI Google Scholar
[33]
Sun H, You X, Deng J, et al. Novel graphene/carbon nanotube composite fibers for efficient wire-shaped miniature energy devices. Adv Mater 2014, 26: 2868–2873.
DOI Google Scholar
[34]
Wang F, Zhang X, Yan XL, et al. The effect of submicron grain size on thermal stability and mechanical properties of high-entropy carbide ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2020, 103: 4463–4472.
DOI Google Scholar
[35]
Feng L, Fahrenholtz WG, Hilmas GE. Low-temperature sintering of single-phase, high-entropy carbide ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2019, 102: 7217–7224.
DOI Google Scholar
[36]
Chen H, Xiang HM, Dai FZ, et al. High porosity and low thermal conductivity high entropy (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C. J Mater Sci Technol 2019, 35: 1700–1705.
DOI Google Scholar
[37]
Das S, Seelaboyina R, Verma V, et al. Synthesis and characterization of self-organized multilayered graphene–carbon nanotube hybrid films. J Mater Chem 2011, 21: 7289–7295.
DOI Google Scholar
[38]
Tian LL, Meziani MJ, Lu FS, et al. Graphene oxides for homogeneous dispersion of carbon nanotubes. ACS Appl Mater Inter 2010, 2: 3217–3222.
DOI Google Scholar
[39]
Yan XL, Constantin L, Lu YF, et al. (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)C high-entropy ceramics with low thermal conductivity. J Am Ceram Soc 2018, 101: 4486–4491.
DOI Google Scholar
[40]
Ye BL, Wen TQ, Huang KH, et al. First-principles study, fabrication, and characterization of (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)C high-entropy ceramic. J Am Ceram Soc 2019, 102: 4344–4352.
DOI Google Scholar
[41]
Wen TQ, Ye BL, Nguyen MC, et al. Thermophysical and mechanical properties of novel high-entropy metal nitride–carbides. J Am Ceram Soc 2020, 103: 6475–6489.
DOI Google Scholar
[42]
Wang K, Chen L, Xu CG, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of (TiZrNbTaMo)C high-entropy ceramic. J Mater Sci Technol 2020, 39: 99–105.
DOI Google Scholar
[43]
Feng L, Chen WT, Fahrenholtz WG, et al. Strength of single-phase high-entropy carbide ceramics up to 2300 ℃. J Am Ceram Soc 2021, 104: 419–427.
DOI Google Scholar
[44]
Liu DQ, Zhang AJ, Jia JG, et al. Phase evolution and properties of (VNbTaMoW)C high entropy carbide prepared by reaction synthesis. J Eur Ceram Soc 2020, 40: 2746–2751.
DOI Google Scholar
[45]
Sun KB, Yang ZW, Mu RJ, et al. Densification and joining of a (HfTaZrNbTi)C high-entropy ceramic by hot pressing. J Eur Ceram Soc 2021, 41: 3196–3206.
DOI Google Scholar
[46]
Zhang Y, Jiang ZB, Sun SK, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of high-entropy borides derived from boro/carbothermal reduction. J Eur Ceram Soc 2019, 39: 3920–3924.
DOI Google Scholar
[47]
Liu JX, Shen XQ, Wu Y, et al. Mechanical properties of hot-pressed high-entropy diboride-based ceramics. J Adv Ceram 2020, 9: 503–510.
DOI Google Scholar
[48]
Wang XG, Guo WM, Kan YM, et al. Densification behavior and properties of hot-pressed ZrC ceramics with Zr and graphite additives. J Eur Ceram Soc 2011, 31: 1103–1111.
DOI Google Scholar
[49]
Acicbe RB, Goller G. Densification behavior and mechanical properties of spark plasma-sintered ZrC–TiC and ZrC–TiC–CNT composites. J Mater Sci 2013, 48: 2388–2393.
DOI Google Scholar
[50]
Sciti D, Guicciardi S, Nygren M. Spark plasma sintering and mechanical behaviour of ZrC-based composites. Scripta Mater 2008, 59: 638–641.
DOI Google Scholar
[51]
Santos C, Maeda LD, Cairo CAA, et al. Mechanical properties of hot-pressed ZrO2–NbC ceramic composites. Int J Refract Met H 2008, 26: 14–18.
DOI Google Scholar
[52]
Zhang XH, Hilmas GE, Fahrenholtz WG. Densification and mechanical properties of TaC-based ceramics. Mat Sci Eng A 2009, 501: 37–43.
DOI Google Scholar
[53]
Rezaei F, Kakroudi MG, Shahedifar V, et al. Densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of hot pressed tantalum carbide. Ceram Int 2017, 43: 3489–3494.
DOI Google Scholar
[54]
Cedillos-Barraza O, Grasso S, Al Nasiri N, et al. Sintering behaviour, solid solution formation and characterisation of TaC, HfC and TaC–HfC fabricated by spark plasma sintering. J Eur Ceram Soc 2016, 36: 1539–1548.
DOI Google Scholar
[55]
Nisar A, Ariharan S, Balani K. Synergistic reinforcement of carbon nanotubes and silicon carbide for toughening tantalum carbide based ultrahigh temperature ceramic. J Mater Res 2016, 31: 682–692.
DOI Google Scholar
[56]
Zhang C, Gupta A, Seal S, et al. Solid solution synthesis of tantalum carbide–hafnium carbide by spark plasma sintering. J Am Ceram Soc 2017, 100: 1853–1862.
DOI Google Scholar
[57]
Liu JX, Huang X, Zhang GJ. Pressureless sintering of hafnium carbide–silicon carbide ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2013, 96: 1751–1756.
DOI Google Scholar
[58]
Sciti D, Guicciardi S, Nygren M. Densification and mechanical behavior of HfC and HfB2 fabricated by spark plasma sintering. J Am Ceram Soc 2008, 91: 1433–1440.
DOI Google Scholar
[59]
Wang LJ, Jiang W, Chen LD. Rapidly sintering nanosized SiC particle reinforced TiC composites by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. J Mater Sci 2004, 39: 4515–4519.
DOI Google Scholar
[60]
Liu LX, Wang B, Li XH, et al. Liquid phase assisted high pressure sintering of dense TiC nanoceramics. Ceram Int 2018, 44: 17972–17977.
DOI Google Scholar
[61]
Sun JL, Zhao J, Huang ZF, et al. Preparation and properties of multilayer graphene reinforced binderless TiC nanocomposite cemented carbide through two-step sintering. Mater Design 2020, 188: 108495.
DOI Google Scholar
[62]
Cheng YH, Hu P, Zhou SB, et al. Using macroporous graphene networks to toughen ZrC–SiC ceramic. J Eur Ceram Soc 2018, 38: 3752–3758.
DOI Google Scholar
[63]
Sribalaji M, Mukherjee B, Islam A, et al. Microstructural and mechanical behavior of spark plasma sintered titanium carbide with hybrid reinforcement of tungsten carbide and carbon nanotubes. Mat Sci Eng A 2017, 702: 10–21.
DOI Google Scholar
[64]
Mukherjee B, Rahman OA, Sribalaji M, et al. Synergistic effect of carbon nanotube as sintering aid and toughening agent in spark plasma sintered molybdenum disilicide–hafnium carbide composite. Mat Sci Eng A 2016, 678: 299–307.
DOI Google Scholar
[65]
Harrington TJ, Gild J, Sarker P, et al. Phase stability and mechanical properties of novel high entropy transition metal carbides. Acta Mater 2019, 166: 271–280.
DOI Google Scholar
[66]
Sun QC, Tan H, Zhu SY, et al. Single-phase (Hf–Mo–Nb–Ta–Ti)C high-entropy ceramic: A potential high temperature anti-wear material. Tribol Int 2021, 157: 106883.
DOI Google Scholar
[67]
Bachani SK, Wang CJ, Lou BS, et al. Fabrication of TiZrNbTaFeN high-entropy alloys coatings by HiPIMS: Effect of nitrogen flow rate on the microstructural development, mechanical and tribological performance, electrical properties and corrosion characteristics. J Alloys Compd 2021, 873: 159605.
DOI Google Scholar
[68]
Pogrebnjak AD, Yakushchenko IV, Abadias G, et al. The effect of the deposition parameters of nitrides of high-entropy alloys (TiZrHfVNb)N on their structure, composition, mechanical and tribological properties. J Superhard Mater 2013, 35: 356–368.
DOI Google Scholar
[69]
Braic V, Vladescu A, Balaceanu M, et al. Nanostructured multi-element (TiZrNbHfTa)N and (TiZrNbHfTa)C hard coatings. Surf Coat Tech 2012, 211: 117–121.
DOI Google Scholar
[70]
Cheng KH, Lai CH, Lin SJ, et al. Structural and mechanical properties of multi-element (AlCrMoTaTiZr)Nx coatings by reactive magnetron sputtering. Thin Solid Films 2011, 519: 3185–3190.
DOI Google Scholar
[71]
Lai CH, Cheng KH, Lin SJ, et al. Mechanical and tribological properties of multi-element (AlCrTaTiZr)N coatings. Surf Coat Tech 2008, 202: 3732–3738.
DOI Google Scholar
[72]
Lin YC, Hsu SY, Song RW, et al. Improving the hardness of high entropy nitride (Cr0.35Al0.25Nb0.12Si0.08V0.20)N coatings via tuning substrate temperature and bias for anti-wear applications. Surf Coat Tech 2020, 403: 126417.
Google Scholar
[73]
Su YF, Song JJ, Zhang YS, et al. Influence of fiber diameters on fracture and tribological properties of Al2O3/MoS2 fibrous monolithic ceramic. Tribol Int 2019, 138: 32–39.
DOI Google Scholar
[74]
Dusza J, Csanádi T, Medveď D, et al. Nanoindentation and tribology of a (Hf–Ta–Zr–Nb–Ti)C high-entropy carbide. J Eur Ceram Soc 2021, 41: 5417–5426.
DOI Google Scholar
[75]
Chen ZQ, Guo NS, Ji LG, et al. Influence of CaF2@Al2O3 on the friction and wear properties of Al2O3/Ti(C,N)/CaF2@Al2O3 self-lubricating ceramic tool. Mater Chem Phys 2019, 223: 306–310.
DOI Google Scholar
[76]
Wu GY, Xu CH, Xiao GC, et al. Structure design of Al2O3/TiC/CaF2 multicomponent gradient self-lubricating ceramic composite and its tribological behaviors. Ceram Int 2018, 44: 5550–5563.
DOI Google Scholar
[77]
Li F, Zhu SY, Cheng J, et al. Tribological properties of Mo and CaF2 added SiC matrix composites at elevated temperatures. Tribol Int 2017, 111: 46–51.
DOI Google Scholar
[78]
Evans AG, Wilshaw TR, Chesnutt J, et al. Quasi-static solid particle damage in brittle materials—I. Observations analysis and implications. Acta Metall 1976, 24: 939–956.
DOI Google Scholar
[79]
Smith DS, Fayette S, Grandjean S, et al. Thermal resistance of grain boundaries in alumina ceramics and refractories. J Am Ceram Soc 2003, 86: 105–111.
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 02 September 2022
Revised: 09 October 2022
Accepted: 31 October 2022
Published: 06 January 2023
Issue date: February 2023

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2022.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52005396), Young Talent Fund of University Association for Science and Technology in Shaanxi (No. 20210414), and Qilu Youth Scholar Project Funding of Shandong University (No. 1050522300003).

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Return